1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ========================================
4 PPP Generic Driver and Channel Interface
5 ========================================
12 The generic PPP driver in linux-2.4 provides an implementation of the
13 functionality which is of use in any PPP implementation, including:
15 * the network interface unit (ppp0 etc.)
16 * the interface to the networking code
17 * PPP multilink: splitting datagrams between multiple links, and
18 ordering and combining received fragments
19 * the interface to pppd, via a /dev/ppp character device
20 * packet compression and decompression
21 * TCP/IP header compression and decompression
22 * detecting network traffic for demand dialling and for idle timeouts
23 * simple packet filtering
25 For sending and receiving PPP frames, the generic PPP driver calls on
26 the services of PPP ``channels``. A PPP channel encapsulates a
27 mechanism for transporting PPP frames from one machine to another. A
28 PPP channel implementation can be arbitrarily complex internally but
29 has a very simple interface with the generic PPP code: it merely has
30 to be able to send PPP frames, receive PPP frames, and optionally
31 handle ioctl requests. Currently there are PPP channel
32 implementations for asynchronous serial ports, synchronous serial
33 ports, and for PPP over ethernet.
35 This architecture makes it possible to implement PPP multilink in a
36 natural and straightforward way, by allowing more than one channel to
37 be linked to each ppp network interface unit. The generic layer is
38 responsible for splitting datagrams on transmit and recombining them
45 See include/linux/ppp_channel.h for the declaration of the types and
46 functions used to communicate between the generic PPP layer and PPP
49 Each channel has to provide two functions to the generic PPP layer,
50 via the ppp_channel.ops pointer:
52 * start_xmit() is called by the generic layer when it has a frame to
53 send. The channel has the option of rejecting the frame for
54 flow-control reasons. In this case, start_xmit() should return 0
55 and the channel should call the ppp_output_wakeup() function at a
56 later time when it can accept frames again, and the generic layer
57 will then attempt to retransmit the rejected frame(s). If the frame
58 is accepted, the start_xmit() function should return 1.
60 * ioctl() provides an interface which can be used by a user-space
61 program to control aspects of the channel's behaviour. This
62 procedure will be called when a user-space program does an ioctl
63 system call on an instance of /dev/ppp which is bound to the
64 channel. (Usually it would only be pppd which would do this.)
66 The generic PPP layer provides seven functions to channels:
68 * ppp_register_channel() is called when a channel has been created, to
69 notify the PPP generic layer of its presence. For example, setting
70 a serial port to the PPPDISC line discipline causes the ppp_async
71 channel code to call this function.
73 * ppp_unregister_channel() is called when a channel is to be
74 destroyed. For example, the ppp_async channel code calls this when
75 a hangup is detected on the serial port.
77 * ppp_output_wakeup() is called by a channel when it has previously
78 rejected a call to its start_xmit function, and can now accept more
81 * ppp_input() is called by a channel when it has received a complete
84 * ppp_input_error() is called by a channel when it has detected that a
85 frame has been lost or dropped (for example, because of a FCS (frame
86 check sequence) error).
88 * ppp_channel_index() returns the channel index assigned by the PPP
89 generic layer to this channel. The channel should provide some way
90 (e.g. an ioctl) to transmit this back to user-space, as user-space
91 will need it to attach an instance of /dev/ppp to this channel.
93 * ppp_unit_number() returns the unit number of the ppp network
94 interface to which this channel is connected, or -1 if the channel
97 Connecting a channel to the ppp generic layer is initiated from the
98 channel code, rather than from the generic layer. The channel is
99 expected to have some way for a user-level process to control it
100 independently of the ppp generic layer. For example, with the
101 ppp_async channel, this is provided by the file descriptor to the
104 Generally a user-level process will initialize the underlying
105 communications medium and prepare it to do PPP. For example, with an
106 async tty, this can involve setting the tty speed and modes, issuing
107 modem commands, and then going through some sort of dialog with the
108 remote system to invoke PPP service there. We refer to this process
109 as ``discovery``. Then the user-level process tells the medium to
110 become a PPP channel and register itself with the generic PPP layer.
111 The channel then has to report the channel number assigned to it back
112 to the user-level process. From that point, the PPP negotiation code
113 in the PPP daemon (pppd) can take over and perform the PPP
114 negotiation, accessing the channel through the /dev/ppp interface.
116 At the interface to the PPP generic layer, PPP frames are stored in
117 skbuff structures and start with the two-byte PPP protocol number.
118 The frame does *not* include the 0xff ``address`` byte or the 0x03
119 ``control`` byte that are optionally used in async PPP. Nor is there
120 any escaping of control characters, nor are there any FCS or framing
121 characters included. That is all the responsibility of the channel
122 code, if it is needed for the particular medium. That is, the skbuffs
123 presented to the start_xmit() function contain only the 2-byte
124 protocol number and the data, and the skbuffs presented to ppp_input()
125 must be in the same format.
127 The channel must provide an instance of a ppp_channel struct to
128 represent the channel. The channel is free to use the ``private`` field
129 however it wishes. The channel should initialize the ``mtu`` and
130 ``hdrlen`` fields before calling ppp_register_channel() and not change
131 them until after ppp_unregister_channel() returns. The ``mtu`` field
132 represents the maximum size of the data part of the PPP frames, that
133 is, it does not include the 2-byte protocol number.
135 If the channel needs some headroom in the skbuffs presented to it for
136 transmission (i.e., some space free in the skbuff data area before the
137 start of the PPP frame), it should set the ``hdrlen`` field of the
138 ppp_channel struct to the amount of headroom required. The generic
139 PPP layer will attempt to provide that much headroom but the channel
140 should still check if there is sufficient headroom and copy the skbuff
143 On the input side, channels should ideally provide at least 2 bytes of
144 headroom in the skbuffs presented to ppp_input(). The generic PPP
145 code does not require this but will be more efficient if this is done.
148 Buffering and flow control
149 --------------------------
151 The generic PPP layer has been designed to minimize the amount of data
152 that it buffers in the transmit direction. It maintains a queue of
153 transmit packets for the PPP unit (network interface device) plus a
154 queue of transmit packets for each attached channel. Normally the
155 transmit queue for the unit will contain at most one packet; the
156 exceptions are when pppd sends packets by writing to /dev/ppp, and
157 when the core networking code calls the generic layer's start_xmit()
158 function with the queue stopped, i.e. when the generic layer has
159 called netif_stop_queue(), which only happens on a transmit timeout.
160 The start_xmit function always accepts and queues the packet which it
161 is asked to transmit.
163 Transmit packets are dequeued from the PPP unit transmit queue and
164 then subjected to TCP/IP header compression and packet compression
165 (Deflate or BSD-Compress compression), as appropriate. After this
166 point the packets can no longer be reordered, as the decompression
167 algorithms rely on receiving compressed packets in the same order that
170 If multilink is not in use, this packet is then passed to the attached
171 channel's start_xmit() function. If the channel refuses to take
172 the packet, the generic layer saves it for later transmission. The
173 generic layer will call the channel's start_xmit() function again
174 when the channel calls ppp_output_wakeup() or when the core
175 networking code calls the generic layer's start_xmit() function
176 again. The generic layer contains no timeout and retransmission
177 logic; it relies on the core networking code for that.
179 If multilink is in use, the generic layer divides the packet into one
180 or more fragments and puts a multilink header on each fragment. It
181 decides how many fragments to use based on the length of the packet
182 and the number of channels which are potentially able to accept a
183 fragment at the moment. A channel is potentially able to accept a
184 fragment if it doesn't have any fragments currently queued up for it
185 to transmit. The channel may still refuse a fragment; in this case
186 the fragment is queued up for the channel to transmit later. This
187 scheme has the effect that more fragments are given to higher-
188 bandwidth channels. It also means that under light load, the generic
189 layer will tend to fragment large packets across all the channels,
190 thus reducing latency, while under heavy load, packets will tend to be
191 transmitted as single fragments, thus reducing the overhead of
198 The PPP generic layer has been designed to be SMP-safe. Locks are
199 used around accesses to the internal data structures where necessary
200 to ensure their integrity. As part of this, the generic layer
201 requires that the channels adhere to certain requirements and in turn
202 provides certain guarantees to the channels. Essentially the channels
203 are required to provide the appropriate locking on the ppp_channel
204 structures that form the basis of the communication between the
205 channel and the generic layer. This is because the channel provides
206 the storage for the ppp_channel structure, and so the channel is
207 required to provide the guarantee that this storage exists and is
208 valid at the appropriate times.
210 The generic layer requires these guarantees from the channel:
212 * The ppp_channel object must exist from the time that
213 ppp_register_channel() is called until after the call to
214 ppp_unregister_channel() returns.
216 * No thread may be in a call to any of ppp_input(), ppp_input_error(),
217 ppp_output_wakeup(), ppp_channel_index() or ppp_unit_number() for a
218 channel at the time that ppp_unregister_channel() is called for that
221 * ppp_register_channel() and ppp_unregister_channel() must be called
222 from process context, not interrupt or softirq/BH context.
224 * The remaining generic layer functions may be called at softirq/BH
225 level but must not be called from a hardware interrupt handler.
227 * The generic layer may call the channel start_xmit() function at
228 softirq/BH level but will not call it at interrupt level. Thus the
229 start_xmit() function may not block.
231 * The generic layer will only call the channel ioctl() function in
234 The generic layer provides these guarantees to the channels:
236 * The generic layer will not call the start_xmit() function for a
237 channel while any thread is already executing in that function for
240 * The generic layer will not call the ioctl() function for a channel
241 while any thread is already executing in that function for that
244 * By the time a call to ppp_unregister_channel() returns, no thread
245 will be executing in a call from the generic layer to that channel's
246 start_xmit() or ioctl() function, and the generic layer will not
247 call either of those functions subsequently.
253 The PPP generic layer exports a character device interface called
254 /dev/ppp. This is used by pppd to control PPP interface units and
255 channels. Although there is only one /dev/ppp, each open instance of
256 /dev/ppp acts independently and can be attached either to a PPP unit
257 or a PPP channel. This is achieved using the file->private_data field
258 to point to a separate object for each open instance of /dev/ppp. In
259 this way an effect similar to Solaris' clone open is obtained,
260 allowing us to control an arbitrary number of PPP interfaces and
261 channels without having to fill up /dev with hundreds of device names.
263 When /dev/ppp is opened, a new instance is created which is initially
264 unattached. Using an ioctl call, it can then be attached to an
265 existing unit, attached to a newly-created unit, or attached to an
266 existing channel. An instance attached to a unit can be used to send
267 and receive PPP control frames, using the read() and write() system
268 calls, along with poll() if necessary. Similarly, an instance
269 attached to a channel can be used to send and receive PPP frames on
272 In multilink terms, the unit represents the bundle, while the channels
273 represent the individual physical links. Thus, a PPP frame sent by a
274 write to the unit (i.e., to an instance of /dev/ppp attached to the
275 unit) will be subject to bundle-level compression and to fragmentation
276 across the individual links (if multilink is in use). In contrast, a
277 PPP frame sent by a write to the channel will be sent as-is on that
278 channel, without any multilink header.
280 A channel is not initially attached to any unit. In this state it can
281 be used for PPP negotiation but not for the transfer of data packets.
282 It can then be connected to a PPP unit with an ioctl call, which
283 makes it available to send and receive data packets for that unit.
285 The ioctl calls which are available on an instance of /dev/ppp depend
286 on whether it is unattached, attached to a PPP interface, or attached
287 to a PPP channel. The ioctl calls which are available on an
288 unattached instance are:
290 * PPPIOCNEWUNIT creates a new PPP interface and makes this /dev/ppp
291 instance the "owner" of the interface. The argument should point to
292 an int which is the desired unit number if >= 0, or -1 to assign the
293 lowest unused unit number. Being the owner of the interface means
294 that the interface will be shut down if this instance of /dev/ppp is
297 * PPPIOCATTACH attaches this instance to an existing PPP interface.
298 The argument should point to an int containing the unit number.
299 This does not make this instance the owner of the PPP interface.
301 * PPPIOCATTCHAN attaches this instance to an existing PPP channel.
302 The argument should point to an int containing the channel number.
304 The ioctl calls available on an instance of /dev/ppp attached to a
307 * PPPIOCCONNECT connects this channel to a PPP interface. The
308 argument should point to an int containing the interface unit
309 number. It will return an EINVAL error if the channel is already
310 connected to an interface, or ENXIO if the requested interface does
313 * PPPIOCDISCONN disconnects this channel from the PPP interface that
314 it is connected to. It will return an EINVAL error if the channel
315 is not connected to an interface.
317 * PPPIOCBRIDGECHAN bridges a channel with another. The argument should
318 point to an int containing the channel number of the channel to bridge
319 to. Once two channels are bridged, frames presented to one channel by
320 ppp_input() are passed to the bridge instance for onward transmission.
321 This allows frames to be switched from one channel into another: for
322 example, to pass PPPoE frames into a PPPoL2TP session. Since channel
323 bridging interrupts the normal ppp_input() path, a given channel may
324 not be part of a bridge at the same time as being part of a unit.
325 This ioctl will return an EALREADY error if the channel is already
326 part of a bridge or unit, or ENXIO if the requested channel does not
329 * PPPIOCUNBRIDGECHAN performs the inverse of PPPIOCBRIDGECHAN, unbridging
330 a channel pair. This ioctl will return an EINVAL error if the channel
331 does not form part of a bridge.
333 * All other ioctl commands are passed to the channel ioctl() function.
335 The ioctl calls that are available on an instance that is attached to
336 an interface unit are:
338 * PPPIOCSMRU sets the MRU (maximum receive unit) for the interface.
339 The argument should point to an int containing the new MRU value.
341 * PPPIOCSFLAGS sets flags which control the operation of the
342 interface. The argument should be a pointer to an int containing
343 the new flags value. The bits in the flags value that can be set
346 ================ ========================================
347 SC_COMP_TCP enable transmit TCP header compression
348 SC_NO_TCP_CCID disable connection-id compression for
349 TCP header compression
350 SC_REJ_COMP_TCP disable receive TCP header decompression
351 SC_CCP_OPEN Compression Control Protocol (CCP) is
352 open, so inspect CCP packets
353 SC_CCP_UP CCP is up, may (de)compress packets
354 SC_LOOP_TRAFFIC send IP traffic to pppd
355 SC_MULTILINK enable PPP multilink fragmentation on
357 SC_MP_SHORTSEQ expect short multilink sequence
358 numbers on received multilink fragments
359 SC_MP_XSHORTSEQ transmit short multilink sequence nos.
360 ================ ========================================
362 The values of these flags are defined in <linux/ppp-ioctl.h>. Note
363 that the values of the SC_MULTILINK, SC_MP_SHORTSEQ and
364 SC_MP_XSHORTSEQ bits are ignored if the CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK option
367 * PPPIOCGFLAGS returns the value of the status/control flags for the
368 interface unit. The argument should point to an int where the ioctl
369 will store the flags value. As well as the values listed above for
370 PPPIOCSFLAGS, the following bits may be set in the returned value:
372 ================ =========================================
373 SC_COMP_RUN CCP compressor is running
374 SC_DECOMP_RUN CCP decompressor is running
375 SC_DC_ERROR CCP decompressor detected non-fatal error
376 SC_DC_FERROR CCP decompressor detected fatal error
377 ================ =========================================
379 * PPPIOCSCOMPRESS sets the parameters for packet compression or
380 decompression. The argument should point to a ppp_option_data
381 structure (defined in <linux/ppp-ioctl.h>), which contains a
382 pointer/length pair which should describe a block of memory
383 containing a CCP option specifying a compression method and its
384 parameters. The ppp_option_data struct also contains a ``transmit``
385 field. If this is 0, the ioctl will affect the receive path,
386 otherwise the transmit path.
388 * PPPIOCGUNIT returns, in the int pointed to by the argument, the unit
389 number of this interface unit.
391 * PPPIOCSDEBUG sets the debug flags for the interface to the value in
392 the int pointed to by the argument. Only the least significant bit
393 is used; if this is 1 the generic layer will print some debug
394 messages during its operation. This is only intended for debugging
395 the generic PPP layer code; it is generally not helpful for working
396 out why a PPP connection is failing.
398 * PPPIOCGDEBUG returns the debug flags for the interface in the int
399 pointed to by the argument.
401 * PPPIOCGIDLE returns the time, in seconds, since the last data
402 packets were sent and received. The argument should point to a
403 ppp_idle structure (defined in <linux/ppp_defs.h>). If the
404 CONFIG_PPP_FILTER option is enabled, the set of packets which reset
405 the transmit and receive idle timers is restricted to those which
406 pass the ``active`` packet filter.
407 Two versions of this command exist, to deal with user space
408 expecting times as either 32-bit or 64-bit time_t seconds.
410 * PPPIOCSMAXCID sets the maximum connection-ID parameter (and thus the
411 number of connection slots) for the TCP header compressor and
412 decompressor. The lower 16 bits of the int pointed to by the
413 argument specify the maximum connection-ID for the compressor. If
414 the upper 16 bits of that int are non-zero, they specify the maximum
415 connection-ID for the decompressor, otherwise the decompressor's
416 maximum connection-ID is set to 15.
418 * PPPIOCSNPMODE sets the network-protocol mode for a given network
419 protocol. The argument should point to an npioctl struct (defined
420 in <linux/ppp-ioctl.h>). The ``protocol`` field gives the PPP protocol
421 number for the protocol to be affected, and the ``mode`` field
422 specifies what to do with packets for that protocol:
424 ============= ==============================================
425 NPMODE_PASS normal operation, transmit and receive packets
426 NPMODE_DROP silently drop packets for this protocol
427 NPMODE_ERROR drop packets and return an error on transmit
428 NPMODE_QUEUE queue up packets for transmit, drop received
430 ============= ==============================================
432 At present NPMODE_ERROR and NPMODE_QUEUE have the same effect as
435 * PPPIOCGNPMODE returns the network-protocol mode for a given
436 protocol. The argument should point to an npioctl struct with the
437 ``protocol`` field set to the PPP protocol number for the protocol of
438 interest. On return the ``mode`` field will be set to the network-
439 protocol mode for that protocol.
441 * PPPIOCSPASS and PPPIOCSACTIVE set the ``pass`` and ``active`` packet
442 filters. These ioctls are only available if the CONFIG_PPP_FILTER
443 option is selected. The argument should point to a sock_fprog
444 structure (defined in <linux/filter.h>) containing the compiled BPF
445 instructions for the filter. Packets are dropped if they fail the
446 ``pass`` filter; otherwise, if they fail the ``active`` filter they are
447 passed but they do not reset the transmit or receive idle timer.
449 * PPPIOCSMRRU enables or disables multilink processing for received
450 packets and sets the multilink MRRU (maximum reconstructed receive
451 unit). The argument should point to an int containing the new MRRU
452 value. If the MRRU value is 0, processing of received multilink
453 fragments is disabled. This ioctl is only available if the
454 CONFIG_PPP_MULTILINK option is selected.
456 Last modified: 7-feb-2002