1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
11 Linux distinguishes between administrative and operational state of an
12 interface. Administrative state is the result of "ip link set dev
13 <dev> up or down" and reflects whether the administrator wants to use
14 the device for traffic.
16 However, an interface is not usable just because the admin enabled it
17 - ethernet requires to be plugged into the switch and, depending on
18 a site's networking policy and configuration, an 802.1X authentication
19 to be performed before user data can be transferred. Operational state
20 shows the ability of an interface to transmit this user data.
22 Thanks to 802.1X, userspace must be granted the possibility to
23 influence operational state. To accommodate this, operational state is
24 split into two parts: Two flags that can be set by the driver only, and
25 a RFC2863 compatible state that is derived from these flags, a policy,
26 and changeable from userspace under certain rules.
29 2. Querying from userspace
30 ==========================
32 Both admin and operational state can be queried via the netlink
33 operation RTM_GETLINK. It is also possible to subscribe to RTNLGRP_LINK
34 to be notified of updates while the interface is admin up. This is
35 important for setting from userspace.
37 These values contain interface state:
39 ifinfomsg::if_flags & IFF_UP:
42 ifinfomsg::if_flags & IFF_RUNNING:
43 Interface is in RFC2863 operational state UP or UNKNOWN. This is for
44 backward compatibility, routing daemons, dhcp clients can use this
45 flag to determine whether they should use the interface.
47 ifinfomsg::if_flags & IFF_LOWER_UP:
48 Driver has signaled netif_carrier_on()
50 ifinfomsg::if_flags & IFF_DORMANT:
51 Driver has signaled netif_dormant_on()
56 contains RFC2863 state of the interface in numeric representation:
59 Interface is in unknown state, neither driver nor userspace has set
60 operational state. Interface must be considered for user data as
61 setting operational state has not been implemented in every driver.
63 IF_OPER_NOTPRESENT (1):
64 Unused in current kernel (notpresent interfaces normally disappear),
65 just a numerical placeholder.
68 Interface is unable to transfer data on L1, f.e. ethernet is not
69 plugged or interface is ADMIN down.
71 IF_OPER_LOWERLAYERDOWN (3):
72 Interfaces stacked on an interface that is IF_OPER_DOWN show this
76 Interface is in testing mode, for example executing driver self-tests
77 or media (cable) test. It can't be used for normal traffic until tests
81 Interface is L1 up, but waiting for an external event, f.e. for a
82 protocol to establish. (802.1X)
85 Interface is operational up and can be used.
87 This TLV can also be queried via sysfs.
92 contains link policy. This is needed for userspace interaction
95 This TLV can also be queried via sysfs.
101 Kernel drivers have access to two flags that map to IFF_LOWER_UP and
102 IFF_DORMANT. These flags can be set from everywhere, even from
103 interrupts. It is guaranteed that only the driver has write access,
104 however, if different layers of the driver manipulate the same flag,
105 the driver has to provide the synchronisation needed.
107 __LINK_STATE_NOCARRIER, maps to !IFF_LOWER_UP:
109 The driver uses netif_carrier_on() to clear and netif_carrier_off() to
110 set this flag. On netif_carrier_off(), the scheduler stops sending
111 packets. The name 'carrier' and the inversion are historical, think of
114 Note that for certain kind of soft-devices, which are not managing any
115 real hardware, it is possible to set this bit from userspace. One
116 should use TLV IFLA_CARRIER to do so.
118 netif_carrier_ok() can be used to query that bit.
120 __LINK_STATE_DORMANT, maps to IFF_DORMANT:
122 Set by the driver to express that the device cannot yet be used
123 because some driver controlled protocol establishment has to
124 complete. Corresponding functions are netif_dormant_on() to set the
125 flag, netif_dormant_off() to clear it and netif_dormant() to query.
127 On device allocation, both flags __LINK_STATE_NOCARRIER and
128 __LINK_STATE_DORMANT are cleared, so the effective state is equivalent
129 to netif_carrier_ok() and !netif_dormant().
132 Whenever the driver CHANGES one of these flags, a workqueue event is
133 scheduled to translate the flag combination to IFLA_OPERSTATE as
137 IF_OPER_LOWERLAYERDOWN if the interface is stacked, IF_OPER_DOWN
138 otherwise. Kernel can recognise stacked interfaces because their
141 netif_carrier_ok() && netif_dormant():
144 netif_carrier_ok() && !netif_dormant():
145 IF_OPER_UP if userspace interaction is disabled. Otherwise
146 IF_OPER_DORMANT with the possibility for userspace to initiate the
147 IF_OPER_UP transition afterwards.
150 4. Setting from userspace
151 =========================
153 Applications have to use the netlink interface to influence the
154 RFC2863 operational state of an interface. Setting IFLA_LINKMODE to 1
155 via RTM_SETLINK instructs the kernel that an interface should go to
156 IF_OPER_DORMANT instead of IF_OPER_UP when the combination
157 netif_carrier_ok() && !netif_dormant() is set by the
158 driver. Afterwards, the userspace application can set IFLA_OPERSTATE
159 to IF_OPER_DORMANT or IF_OPER_UP as long as the driver does not set
160 netif_carrier_off() or netif_dormant_on(). Changes made by userspace
161 are multicasted on the netlink group RTNLGRP_LINK.
163 So basically a 802.1X supplicant interacts with the kernel like this:
165 - subscribe to RTNLGRP_LINK
166 - set IFLA_LINKMODE to 1 via RTM_SETLINK
167 - query RTM_GETLINK once to get initial state
168 - if initial flags are not (IFF_LOWER_UP && !IFF_DORMANT), wait until
169 netlink multicast signals this state
170 - do 802.1X, eventually abort if flags go down again
171 - send RTM_SETLINK to set operstate to IF_OPER_UP if authentication
172 succeeds, IF_OPER_DORMANT otherwise
173 - see how operstate and IFF_RUNNING is echoed via netlink multicast
174 - set interface back to IF_OPER_DORMANT if 802.1X reauthentication
176 - restart if kernel changes IFF_LOWER_UP or IFF_DORMANT flag
178 if supplicant goes down, bring back IFLA_LINKMODE to 0 and
179 IFLA_OPERSTATE to a sane value.
181 A routing daemon or dhcp client just needs to care for IFF_RUNNING or
182 waiting for operstate to go IF_OPER_UP/IF_OPER_UNKNOWN before
183 considering the interface / querying a DHCP address.
186 For technical questions and/or comments please e-mail to Stefan Rompf
187 (stefan at loplof.de).