1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ==========================================
4 EQL Driver: Serial IP Load Balancing HOWTO
5 ==========================================
7 Simon "Guru Aleph-Null" Janes, simon@ncm.com
9 v1.1, February 27, 1995
11 This is the manual for the EQL device driver. EQL is a software device
12 that lets you load-balance IP serial links (SLIP or uncompressed PPP)
13 to increase your bandwidth. It will not reduce your latency (i.e. ping
14 times) except in the case where you already have lots of traffic on
15 your link, in which it will help them out. This driver has been tested
16 with the 1.1.75 kernel, and is known to have patched cleanly with
17 1.1.86. Some testing with 1.1.92 has been done with the v1.1 patch
18 which was only created to patch cleanly in the very latest kernel
19 source trees. (Yes, it worked fine.)
24 Which is worse? A huge fee for a 56K leased line or two phone lines?
25 It's probably the former. If you find yourself craving more bandwidth,
26 and have a ISP that is flexible, it is now possible to bind modems
27 together to work as one point-to-point link to increase your
28 bandwidth. All without having to have a special black box on either
32 The eql driver has only been tested with the Livingston PortMaster-2e
33 terminal server. I do not know if other terminal servers support load-
34 balancing, but I do know that the PortMaster does it, and does it
35 almost as well as the eql driver seems to do it (-- Unfortunately, in
36 my testing so far, the Livingston PortMaster 2e's load-balancing is a
37 good 1 to 2 KB/s slower than the test machine working with a 28.8 Kbps
38 and 14.4 Kbps connection. However, I am not sure that it really is
39 the PortMaster, or if it's Linux's TCP drivers. I'm told that Linux's
40 TCP implementation is pretty fast though.--)
43 I suggest to ISPs out there that it would probably be fair to charge
44 a load-balancing client 75% of the cost of the second line and 50% of
45 the cost of the third line etc...
48 Hey, we can all dream you know...
51 2. Kernel Configuration
52 =======================
54 Here I describe the general steps of getting a kernel up and working
55 with the eql driver. From patching, building, to installing.
58 2.1. Patching The Kernel
59 ------------------------
61 If you do not have or cannot get a copy of the kernel with the eql
62 driver folded into it, get your copy of the driver from
63 ftp://slaughter.ncm.com/pub/Linux/LOAD_BALANCING/eql-1.1.tar.gz.
64 Unpack this archive someplace obvious like /usr/local/src/. It will
65 create the following files::
67 -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 198 Jan 19 18:53 1995 eql-1.1/NO-WARRANTY
68 -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 30620 Feb 27 21:40 1995 eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
69 -rwxr-xr-x guru/ncm 16111 Jan 12 22:29 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave
70 -rw-r--r-- guru/ncm 2195 Jan 10 21:48 1995 eql-1.1/eql_enslave.c
72 Unpack a recent kernel (something after 1.1.92) someplace convenient
73 like say /usr/src/linux-1.1.92.eql. Use symbolic links to point
74 /usr/src/linux to this development directory.
77 Apply the patch by running the commands::
80 patch </usr/local/src/eql-1.1/eql-1.1.patch
83 2.2. Building The Kernel
84 ------------------------
86 After patching the kernel, run make config and configure the kernel
90 After configuration, make and install according to your habit.
93 3. Network Configuration
94 ========================
96 So far, I have only used the eql device with the DSLIP SLIP connection
97 manager by Matt Dillon (-- "The man who sold his soul to code so much
98 so quickly."--) . How you configure it for other "connection"
99 managers is up to you. Most other connection managers that I've seen
100 don't do a very good job when it comes to handling more than one
104 3.1. /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1
105 -----------------------
107 In rc.inet1, ifconfig the eql device to the IP address you usually use
108 for your machine, and the MTU you prefer for your SLIP lines. One
109 could argue that MTU should be roughly half the usual size for two
110 modems, one-third for three, one-fourth for four, etc... But going
111 too far below 296 is probably overkill. Here is an example ifconfig
112 command that sets up the eql device::
114 ifconfig eql 198.67.33.239 mtu 1006
116 Once the eql device is up and running, add a static default route to
117 it in the routing table using the cool new route syntax that makes
118 life so much easier::
120 route add default eql
123 3.2. Enslaving Devices By Hand
124 ------------------------------
126 Enslaving devices by hand requires two utility programs: eql_enslave
127 and eql_emancipate (-- eql_emancipate hasn't been written because when
128 an enslaved device "dies", it is automatically taken out of the queue.
129 I haven't found a good reason to write it yet... other than for
130 completeness, but that isn't a good motivator is it?--)
133 The syntax for enslaving a device is "eql_enslave <master-name>
134 <slave-name> <estimated-bps>". Here are some example enslavings::
136 eql_enslave eql sl0 28800
137 eql_enslave eql ppp0 14400
138 eql_enslave eql sl1 57600
140 When you want to free a device from its life of slavery, you can
141 either down the device with ifconfig (eql will automatically bury the
142 dead slave and remove it from its queue) or use eql_emancipate to free
143 it. (-- Or just ifconfig it down, and the eql driver will take it out
146 eql_emancipate eql sl0
147 eql_emancipate eql ppp0
148 eql_emancipate eql sl1
151 3.3. DSLIP Configuration for the eql Device
152 -------------------------------------------
154 The general idea is to bring up and keep up as many SLIP connections
155 as you need, automatically.
158 3.3.1. /etc/slip/runslip.conf
159 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
161 Here is an example runslip.conf::
167 ducmd -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua2-288.xp -t 9
168 command eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
169 address 198.67.33.239
176 ducmd -e /etc/slip/dialout/cua3-288.xp -t 9
177 command eql_enslave eql $interface 28800
178 address 198.67.33.239
182 3.4. Using PPP and the eql Device
183 ---------------------------------
185 I have not yet done any load-balancing testing for PPP devices, mainly
186 because I don't have a PPP-connection manager like SLIP has with
187 DSLIP. I did find a good tip from LinuxNET:Billy for PPP performance:
188 make sure you have asyncmap set to something so that control
189 characters are not escaped.
192 I tried to fix up a PPP script/system for redialing lost PPP
193 connections for use with the eql driver the weekend of Feb 25-26 '95
194 (Hereafter known as the 8-hour PPP Hate Festival). Perhaps later this
198 4. About the Slave Scheduler Algorithm
199 ======================================
201 The slave scheduler probably could be replaced with a dozen other
202 things and push traffic much faster. The formula in the current set
203 up of the driver was tuned to handle slaves with wildly different
204 bits-per-second "priorities".
207 All testing I have done was with two 28.8 V.FC modems, one connecting
208 at 28800 bps or slower, and the other connecting at 14400 bps all the
212 One version of the scheduler was able to push 5.3 K/s through the
213 28800 and 14400 connections, but when the priorities on the links were
214 very wide apart (57600 vs. 14400) the "faster" modem received all
215 traffic and the "slower" modem starved.
221 Some people have experimented with the eql device with newer
222 kernels (than 1.1.75). I have since updated the driver to patch
223 cleanly in newer kernels because of the removal of the old "slave-
224 balancing" driver config option.
227 - icee from LinuxNET patched 1.1.86 without any rejects and was able
228 to boot the kernel and enslave a couple of ISDN PPP links.
230 5.1. Randolph Bentson's Test Report
231 -----------------------------------
235 From bentson@grieg.seaslug.org Wed Feb 8 19:08:09 1995
236 Date: Tue, 7 Feb 95 22:57 PST
237 From: Randolph Bentson <bentson@grieg.seaslug.org>
239 Subject: EQL driver tests
242 I have been checking out your eql driver. (Nice work, that!)
243 Although you may already done this performance testing, here
244 are some data I've discovered.
247 bentson@grieg.seaslug.org
249 ------------------------------------------------------------------
252 A pseudo-device driver, EQL, written by Simon Janes, can be used
253 to bundle multiple SLIP connections into what appears to be a
254 single connection. This allows one to improve dial-up network
255 connectivity gradually, without having to buy expensive DSU/CSU
256 hardware and services.
258 I have done some testing of this software, with two goals in
259 mind: first, to ensure it actually works as described and
260 second, as a method of exercising my device driver.
262 The following performance measurements were derived from a set
263 of SLIP connections run between two Linux systems (1.1.84) using
264 a 486DX2/66 with a Cyclom-8Ys and a 486SLC/40 with a Cyclom-16Y.
265 (Ports 0,1,2,3 were used. A later configuration will distribute
266 port selection across the different Cirrus chips on the boards.)
267 Once a link was established, I timed a binary ftp transfer of
268 289284 bytes of data. If there were no overhead (packet headers,
269 inter-character and inter-packet delays, etc.) the transfers
270 would take the following times::
284 A single line running at the lower speeds and with large packets
285 comes to within 2% of this. Performance is limited for the higher
286 speeds (as predicted by the Cirrus databook) to an aggregate of
287 about 160 kbits/sec. The next round of testing will distribute
288 the load across two or more Cirrus chips.
290 The good news is that one gets nearly the full advantage of the
291 second, third, and fourth line's bandwidth. (The bad news is
292 that the connection establishment seemed fragile for the higher
293 speeds. Once established, the connection seemed robust enough.)
295 ====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
296 #lines speed mtu seconds theory actual %of
297 kbit/sec duration speed speed max
298 ====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
299 3 115200 900 _ 345600
300 3 115200 400 18.1 345600 159825 46
301 2 115200 900 _ 230400
302 2 115200 600 18.1 230400 159825 69
303 2 115200 400 19.3 230400 149888 65
307 3 57600 600 20.9 172800 138413 80
308 3 57600 900 21.2 172800 136455 78
309 3 115200 600 21.7 345600 133311 38
310 3 57600 400 22.5 172800 128571 74
311 4 38400 900 25.2 153600 114795 74
312 4 38400 600 26.4 153600 109577 71
313 4 38400 400 27.3 153600 105965 68
314 2 57600 900 29.1 115200 99410.3 86
315 1 115200 900 30.7 115200 94229.3 81
316 2 57600 600 30.2 115200 95789.4 83
317 3 38400 900 30.3 115200 95473.3 82
318 3 38400 600 31.2 115200 92719.2 80
319 1 115200 600 31.3 115200 92423 80
320 2 57600 400 32.3 115200 89561.6 77
321 1 115200 400 32.8 115200 88196.3 76
322 3 38400 400 33.5 115200 86353.4 74
323 2 38400 900 43.7 76800 66197.7 86
324 2 38400 600 44 76800 65746.4 85
325 2 38400 400 47.2 76800 61289 79
326 4 19200 900 50.8 76800 56945.7 74
327 4 19200 400 53.2 76800 54376.7 70
328 4 19200 600 53.7 76800 53870.4 70
329 1 57600 900 54.6 57600 52982.4 91
330 1 57600 600 56.2 57600 51474 89
331 3 19200 900 60.5 57600 47815.5 83
332 1 57600 400 60.2 57600 48053.8 83
333 3 19200 600 62 57600 46658.7 81
334 3 19200 400 64.7 57600 44711.6 77
335 1 38400 900 79.4 38400 36433.8 94
336 1 38400 600 82.4 38400 35107.3 91
337 2 19200 900 84.4 38400 34275.4 89
338 1 38400 400 86.8 38400 33327.6 86
339 2 19200 600 87.6 38400 33023.3 85
340 2 19200 400 91.2 38400 31719.7 82
341 4 9600 900 94.7 38400 30547.4 79
342 4 9600 400 106 38400 27290.9 71
343 4 9600 600 110 38400 26298.5 68
344 3 9600 900 118 28800 24515.6 85
345 3 9600 600 120 28800 24107 83
346 3 9600 400 131 28800 22082.7 76
347 1 19200 900 155 19200 18663.5 97
348 1 19200 600 161 19200 17968 93
349 1 19200 400 170 19200 17016.7 88
350 2 9600 600 176 19200 16436.6 85
351 2 9600 900 180 19200 16071.3 83
352 2 9600 400 181 19200 15982.5 83
353 1 9600 900 305 9600 9484.72 98
354 1 9600 600 314 9600 9212.87 95
355 1 9600 400 332 9600 8713.37 90
356 ====== ======== === ======== ======= ======= ===
358 5.2. Anthony Healy's Report
359 ---------------------------
363 Date: Mon, 13 Feb 1995 16:17:29 +1100 (EST)
364 From: Antony Healey <ahealey@st.nepean.uws.edu.au>
365 To: Simon Janes <guru@ncm.com>
366 Subject: Re: Load Balancing
369 I've installed your patch and it works great. I have trialed
370 it over twin SL/IP lines, just over null modems, but I was
371 able to data at over 48Kb/s [ISDN link -Simon]. I managed a
372 transfer of up to 7.5 Kbyte/s on one go, but averaged around
373 6.4 Kbyte/s, which I think is pretty cool. :)