4 The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented
5 (mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order
6 (defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a
7 case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
9 Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the
10 parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:
12 modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
14 Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image
15 are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
16 '.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:
18 usbcore.blinkenlights=1
20 Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
21 log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
22 can also be entered as
23 log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
26 This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
27 "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
28 module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
29 reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
30 parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
31 "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
33 The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
34 enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
35 the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
36 parameter is applicable:
38 ACPI ACPI support is enabled.
39 AGP AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
40 ALSA ALSA sound support is enabled.
41 APIC APIC support is enabled.
42 APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
43 ARM ARM architecture is enabled.
44 AVR32 AVR32 architecture is enabled.
45 AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
46 BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
47 CLK Common clock infrastructure is enabled.
48 CMA Contiguous Memory Area support is enabled.
49 DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
50 DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
51 EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
52 EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
53 EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
54 EVM Extended Verification Module
55 FB The frame buffer device is enabled.
56 FTRACE Function tracing enabled.
57 GCOV GCOV profiling is enabled.
58 HW Appropriate hardware is enabled.
59 IA-64 IA-64 architecture is enabled.
60 IMA Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
61 IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
62 IP_PNP IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
63 IPV6 IPv6 support is enabled.
64 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
65 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
66 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
67 KGDB Kernel debugger support is enabled.
68 KVM Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
69 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled
70 LP Printer support is enabled.
71 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
72 M68k M68k architecture is enabled.
73 These options have more detailed description inside of
74 Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
75 MDA MDA console support is enabled.
76 MIPS MIPS architecture is enabled.
77 MOUSE Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
78 MSI Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
79 MTD MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
80 NET Appropriate network support is enabled.
81 NUMA NUMA support is enabled.
82 NFS Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
83 OSS OSS sound support is enabled.
84 PV_OPS A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
85 PARIDE The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
86 PARISC The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
87 PCI PCI bus support is enabled.
88 PCIE PCI Express support is enabled.
89 PCMCIA The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
90 PNP Plug & Play support is enabled.
91 PPC PowerPC architecture is enabled.
92 PPT Parallel port support is enabled.
93 PS2 Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
94 RAM RAM disk support is enabled.
95 S390 S390 architecture is enabled.
96 SCSI Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
97 A lot of drivers have their options described inside
98 the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
99 SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
100 SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
101 APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
102 SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
103 SH SuperH architecture is enabled.
104 SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
105 SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
106 SWSUSP Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
107 SUSPEND System suspend states are enabled.
108 TPM TPM drivers are enabled.
109 TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
110 UMS USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
111 USB USB support is enabled.
112 USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
113 V4L Video For Linux support is enabled.
114 VMMIO Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
115 VGA The VGA console has been enabled.
116 VT Virtual terminal support is enabled.
117 WDT Watchdog support is enabled.
118 XT IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
119 X86-32 X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
120 X86-64 X86-64 architecture is enabled.
121 More X86-64 boot options can be found in
122 Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
123 X86 Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
124 XEN Xen support is enabled
126 In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
128 BUGS= Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
129 KNL Is a kernel start-up parameter.
130 BOOT Is a boot loader parameter.
132 Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
133 loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
134 Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
135 need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
137 There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
138 See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
140 Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
141 a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
142 be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
143 it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
144 running once the system is up.
146 The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
147 complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
148 a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
149 and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
150 ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
152 Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
153 parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
154 multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
155 bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
159 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
160 Format: { force | off | strict | noirq | rsdt }
161 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
162 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
163 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
164 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
165 strictly ACPI specification compliant.
166 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
167 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
169 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
171 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
172 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
173 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
174 second kernel for kdump.
176 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI, IOAPIC]
178 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
179 1,0: use 1st APIC table
182 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
183 acpi_backlight=vendor
185 If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
186 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
187 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
189 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
190 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
192 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
193 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
194 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
195 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
196 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
197 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
198 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
199 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See
200 Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
201 debug layers and levels.
203 Enable processor driver info messages:
204 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
205 Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
206 acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
207 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
208 object while interpreting AML:
209 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
210 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
211 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
213 Some values produce so much output that the system is
214 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
215 if you need to capture more output.
217 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
218 ACPI will balance active IRQs
221 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
222 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
225 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
226 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
228 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
230 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
232 acpi_no_auto_ssdt [HW,ACPI] Disable automatic loading of SSDT
234 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
235 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
237 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
238 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1
239 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2
240 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings
241 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor
243 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
245 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
246 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
247 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only
248 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
249 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
250 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
251 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
252 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not
253 care about the state of the feature group strings which
254 should be controlled by the OSPM.
256 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
257 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
258 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
260 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
261 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
262 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can
263 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
264 multiple times through kernel command line is also
267 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
270 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
271 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
272 string(s). Note that such command can affect the
273 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
274 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
275 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may
276 still not able to affect the final state of a string if
277 there are quirks related to this string. This command
278 is useful when one want to control the state of the
279 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
282 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
283 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
284 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
285 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
286 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
288 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
290 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
291 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
294 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
295 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
296 and always returns good values.
298 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
299 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
301 acpi_serialize [HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
303 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
304 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
305 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
307 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
308 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
309 old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
310 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
312 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
313 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
314 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
315 used during resume from hibernation.
316 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
317 control method, with respect to putting devices into
318 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
319 of _PTS is used by default).
320 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
321 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
322 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
323 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
324 but some broken systems don't work without it).
326 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
327 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
328 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
330 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
331 { strict | lax | no }
332 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
333 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
334 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
335 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
336 can interfere with legacy drivers.
337 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
338 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
339 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
340 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
341 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
342 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
343 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
344 no further checks are performed.
346 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
347 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
350 { off | try_unsupported }
351 off: disable AGP support
352 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
353 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
356 See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
359 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
360 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings,
361 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
363 align_va_addr= [X86-64]
364 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
365 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
366 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
367 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
368 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
369 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
371 32: only for 32-bit processes
372 64: only for 64-bit processes
373 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
374 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
376 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE]
377 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
378 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
379 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
380 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
381 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
383 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64]
384 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
386 fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
387 they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
388 flushed before they will be reused, which
390 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
392 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
393 devices. The IOMMU driver is not
394 allowed anymore to lift isolation
395 requirements as needed. This option
396 does not override iommu=pt
398 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64]
399 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
400 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
401 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
402 IOMMU initialization.
404 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
405 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
407 See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
409 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
410 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
411 connected to one of 16 gameports
412 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
415 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
417 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
418 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
419 APC and your system crashes randomly.
421 apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
422 Change the output verbosity whilst booting
423 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
424 Change the amount of debugging information output
425 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
428 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
430 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
431 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
432 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
433 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
434 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
435 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
436 apic=verbose is specified.
437 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
439 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
440 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
442 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
443 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
447 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
449 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
450 EzKey and similar keyboards
452 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
454 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
455 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
457 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
460 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
461 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
463 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
464 Use software keyboard repeat
466 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
469 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
471 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
473 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
474 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
475 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
476 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
478 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
479 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
480 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
481 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
483 boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
484 Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
488 bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
490 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
491 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
493 bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
496 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
497 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
500 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
502 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
503 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
504 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
505 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
506 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
507 This option provides an override for these situations.
509 ccw_timeout_log [S390]
510 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
512 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
513 Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
514 {Currently supported controllers - "memory"}
516 checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
517 Format: { "0" | "1" }
518 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
519 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
520 any implied execute protection).
521 1 -- check protection requested by application.
522 Default value is set via a kernel config option.
523 Value can be changed at runtime via
524 /selinux/checkreqprot.
527 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
530 Keep all clocks already enabled by bootloader on,
531 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
532 for debug and development, but should not be
533 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
534 For more information, see Documentation/clk.txt.
536 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
538 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
539 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
540 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
541 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
543 clocksource= Override the default clocksource
545 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
546 with the name specified.
547 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
549 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
551 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
552 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
554 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
555 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
563 clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
564 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
565 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit
566 numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
567 stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
569 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
570 or using the feature without checking anything
571 will still see it. This just prevents it from
572 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
573 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
577 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for contiguous
578 memory allocations. For more information, see
579 include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
581 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no }
582 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
583 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments
584 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
588 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL]
589 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
590 allocations, by default set to 256K.
592 code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print
597 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
599 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
601 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
605 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
606 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
608 condev= [HW,S390] console device
611 console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
613 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
617 Use the specified serial port. The options are of
618 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
619 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
620 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
621 omit it). Default is "9600n8".
623 See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
625 Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
628 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
629 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
630 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
631 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
632 switching to the matching ttyS device later. The
633 options are the same as for ttyS, above.
634 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
635 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
637 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
638 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
640 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
642 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
643 seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
644 disables the blank timer.
647 [KNL] Change the default value for
648 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
649 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
651 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE]
652 disable the cpuidle sub-system
654 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
656 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
658 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
659 [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
660 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
661 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
662 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
663 is selected automatically. Check
664 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
666 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
667 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
668 in the running system. The syntax of range is
669 start-[end] where start and end are both
670 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
671 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
673 crashkernel=size[KMG],high
674 [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
675 to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
676 be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
677 Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
679 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
680 crashkernel=size[KMG],low
681 [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
682 is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
683 above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
684 that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
685 requires at least 64M+32K low memory. Kernel would
686 try to allocate 72M below 4G automatically.
687 This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
688 for second kernel instead.
689 0: to disable low allocation.
690 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
691 or memory reserved is below 4G.
696 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
697 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
700 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
702 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
703 (one device per port)
704 Format: <port#>,<type>
705 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
707 ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
708 time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
709 details. Deprecated, see dyndbg.
711 debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
714 [KNL] verbose self-tests
716 Print debugging info while doing the locking API
718 We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
719 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
720 only useful to kernel developers.
722 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
725 [KNL] Disable object debugging
727 debug_guardpage_minorder=
728 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
729 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
730 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
731 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
732 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
733 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
734 possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter
735 to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
736 memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
737 driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
738 random memory location. Note that there exists a class
739 of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
740 F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
741 memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
742 bypassed) which are not detectable by
743 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
744 tracking down these problems.
746 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
748 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
749 Format: <area>[,<node>]
750 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
753 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
754 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
755 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
756 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
757 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
761 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
764 IO parameters + enable/disable command.
766 digiepca= [HW,SERIAL]
767 See drivers/char/README.epca and
768 Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt.
771 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
773 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES]
774 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
775 to workaround buggy firmware.
778 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
780 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
781 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
782 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
783 entry later. This parameter disables that.
785 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
786 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
787 memory out of your available memory pool based on
788 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
789 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
791 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
792 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
793 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
795 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
796 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
798 dma_debug_entries=<number>
799 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
800 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
801 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
802 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
803 architectural default is too low.
805 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
806 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
807 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
808 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
809 The filter can be disabled or changed to another
810 driver later using sysfs.
812 drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>
813 Broken monitors, graphic adapters and KVMs may
814 send no or incorrect EDID data sets. This parameter
815 allows to specify an EDID data set in the
816 /lib/firmware directory that is used instead.
817 Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
818 edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
819 edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
820 and no file with the same name exists. Details and
821 instructions how to build your own EDID data are
822 available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
823 data set will only be used for a particular connector,
824 if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
829 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
830 module.dyndbg[="val"]
831 Enable debug messages at boot time. See
832 Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
834 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
835 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
836 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
837 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
838 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
839 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
840 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
841 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32).
842 The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
844 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM]
847 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
848 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
849 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
850 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
852 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
853 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
854 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
856 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
859 Only vga or serial or usb debug port at a time.
861 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
862 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
863 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
864 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
865 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
866 You can find the port for a given device in
867 /proc/tty/driver/serial:
868 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
870 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
873 The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real
876 The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
878 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
881 This is designed to be used in conjunction with
882 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
885 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
887 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
888 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
889 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
890 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
891 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
893 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
894 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
897 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
898 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
901 Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
902 See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
903 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
905 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
906 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
907 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
908 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
909 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
911 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
912 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
913 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
914 entry later. This parameter enables that.
916 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
917 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
918 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
919 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
920 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
922 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
924 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
925 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
926 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
928 Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
931 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
934 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
935 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
936 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
940 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
941 current integrity status.
945 fail_make_request=[KNL]
946 General fault injection mechanism.
947 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
948 See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
951 See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
953 force_pal_cache_flush
954 [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
955 buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
956 parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
957 ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
960 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
961 as early as possible in order to facilitate early
964 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
965 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
966 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
967 buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
968 dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
971 ftrace_filter=[function-list]
972 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
973 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
974 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
975 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
978 ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
979 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
980 function-list. This list can be changed at run time
981 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
984 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
985 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
986 by the function graph tracer at boot up.
987 function-list is a comma separated list of functions
988 that can be changed at run time by the
989 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
992 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
993 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
994 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
995 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
999 gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
1003 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
1004 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
1005 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
1006 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
1007 debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
1009 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
1010 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT.
1012 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
1013 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1016 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
1017 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1020 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use.
1023 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
1024 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1026 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
1027 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1030 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
1031 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
1032 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
1033 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
1035 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
1037 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
1038 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
1041 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
1042 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
1043 logic will be disabled.
1045 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
1046 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
1047 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
1048 size on bigger boxes.
1050 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
1051 Valid parameters: "on", "off"
1055 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
1059 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
1060 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
1062 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
1063 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
1065 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
1067 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
1068 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
1069 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
1070 multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
1071 huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
1072 x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
1073 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag)
1074 Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time
1075 using hugepages= and not freed afterwards.
1077 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
1078 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
1079 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
1080 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
1081 from listed z/VM user IDs only.
1083 hwthread_map= [METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
1084 hardware thread id mappings.
1085 Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
1088 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
1089 useful for debugging when something happens in the window
1090 between unregistering the boot console and initializing
1093 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
1094 or register an additional I2C bus that is not
1095 registered from board initialization code.
1099 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
1100 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
1101 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
1102 keyboard and cannot control its state
1103 (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
1104 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
1105 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
1106 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
1108 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
1110 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
1112 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
1113 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
1114 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
1118 i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
1119 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
1121 i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
1122 does not match list of supported models.
1124 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
1125 (disabled by default)
1126 i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
1129 i915.invert_brightness=
1130 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
1131 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
1132 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
1133 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
1134 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
1135 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
1136 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
1137 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
1138 value switches the backlight off.
1139 -1 -- never invert brightness
1140 0 -- machine default
1141 1 -- force brightness inversion
1144 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
1146 ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1147 Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
1148 .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
1149 .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
1150 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
1152 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1153 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
1156 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
1157 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
1158 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
1159 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
1161 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
1162 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
1163 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
1165 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
1166 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
1167 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
1168 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
1169 could change it dynamically, usually by
1170 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
1172 ihash_entries= [KNL]
1173 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
1175 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements
1176 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" }
1179 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
1180 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
1184 Format: { "sha1" | "md5" }
1188 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
1189 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all
1190 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1191 opened for read by uid=0.
1195 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
1198 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
1199 for working out where the kernel is dying during
1202 initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
1204 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
1207 int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
1209 integrity_audit=[IMA]
1210 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1211 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
1212 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
1214 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
1216 Enable intel iommu driver.
1218 Disable intel iommu driver.
1219 igfx_off [Default Off]
1220 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
1221 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
1222 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
1223 this case, gfx device will use physical address for
1226 With this option iommu will not optimize to look
1227 for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
1228 address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
1229 than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
1230 for translation below 32-bit and if not available
1231 then look in the higher range.
1232 strict [Default Off]
1233 With this option on every unmap_single operation will
1234 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
1235 to batching them for performance.
1236 sp_off [Default Off]
1237 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
1238 has the capability. With this option, super page will
1241 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
1242 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
1243 1 to 6 specify maximum depth of C-state.
1247 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
1248 scaling driver for the supported processors
1250 intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
1251 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
1252 off disable Interrupt Remapping
1253 nosid disable Source ID checking
1255 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
1257 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
1258 strict regions from userspace.
1275 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1276 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1277 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1279 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
1281 Standard port 0x80 based delay
1283 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
1285 Simple two microseconds delay
1290 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1292 ip2= [HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
1293 See comment before ip2_setup() in
1294 drivers/char/ip2/ip2base.c.
1297 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1298 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1302 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1303 for it. Also check all handlers each timer
1304 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1308 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
1310 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
1312 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
1314 <cpu number>-<cpu number>
1315 (must be a positive range in ascending order)
1317 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
1319 This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
1320 to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
1321 algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
1322 "isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
1323 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
1324 "number of CPUs in system - 1".
1326 This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
1327 alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
1328 tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
1329 suboptimal load balancer performance.
1333 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64]
1334 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1335 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1336 example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
1337 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1338 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
1340 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64]
1341 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1342 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1343 example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
1344 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1345 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
1347 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1348 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
1352 kernelcore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1353 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
1354 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is
1355 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
1356 remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
1357 pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
1358 kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
1359 take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
1360 of kernelcore pages. The Movable zone is used for the
1361 allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
1362 by the page migration subsystem. This means that
1363 HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
1364 Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
1365 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1366 zone if it does not.
1368 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
1369 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
1370 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
1371 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is
1372 optional and is the number seconds in between
1373 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
1374 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
1375 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When
1376 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
1377 the kernel debugger.
1379 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
1380 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
1381 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
1382 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
1383 keyboard only format: kbd
1384 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
1385 Optional Kernel mode setting:
1386 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
1387 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
1389 kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
1390 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
1392 kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
1393 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1394 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1396 kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
1397 Valid arguments: on, off
1400 kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
1403 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
1404 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
1406 kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
1410 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
1411 Default is 1 (enabled)
1413 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
1415 Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
1417 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
1418 (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
1419 Default is 1 (enabled)
1421 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
1422 [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
1423 Default is 0 (disabled)
1425 kvm-intel.flexpriority=
1426 [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
1427 Default is 1 (enabled)
1430 [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
1431 Default is 0 (disabled)
1433 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
1434 [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
1435 (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
1436 Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
1438 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
1439 feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
1440 Default is 1 (enabled)
1446 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
1449 lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
1450 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
1451 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
1453 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
1456 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
1457 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
1458 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
1459 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
1460 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only
1461 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
1462 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
1464 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
1465 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default)
1466 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk
1468 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
1472 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma
1473 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
1474 PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
1475 matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches
1476 the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If
1477 the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
1478 values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
1479 configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
1481 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
1482 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE
1483 number of 0 either selects the first device or the
1484 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not
1485 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the
1486 host link and device attached to it.
1488 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long
1489 as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
1490 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
1491 The following configurations can be forced.
1493 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
1494 Any ID with matching PORT is used.
1496 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
1498 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
1499 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
1502 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
1504 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
1507 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during
1508 hot-unplug link recovery
1510 * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
1512 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
1514 If there are multiple matching configurations changing
1515 the same attribute, the last one is used.
1517 memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
1519 load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
1520 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
1522 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
1525 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port.
1528 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value.
1531 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port.
1534 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
1537 loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
1538 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
1539 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
1540 loglevels are defined as follows:
1542 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
1543 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
1544 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
1545 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
1546 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
1547 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
1548 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
1549 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
1551 log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
1552 in bytes. n must be a power of two. The default
1553 size is set in the kernel config file.
1555 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
1556 This may be used to provide more screen space for
1557 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
1558 kernel boot problems.
1560 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
1561 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
1562 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
1563 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
1564 specified in addition to the ports) causes
1565 attached printers to be reset. Using
1566 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
1567 to associate lp devices with, starting with
1568 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
1569 that lp device, or a parport name such as
1570 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
1571 port specification list means that device IDs
1572 from each port should be examined, to see if
1573 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
1574 so, the driver will manage that printer.
1575 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
1578 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
1579 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
1580 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
1581 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
1582 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
1583 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
1584 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
1585 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
1586 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
1587 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
1588 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
1592 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
1594 machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
1595 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
1596 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
1598 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
1600 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
1602 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
1603 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
1605 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
1606 should make use of. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
1607 kernel to using 'n' processors. n=0 is a special case,
1608 it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
1611 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
1612 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
1613 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
1614 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
1615 devices can be requested on-demand with the
1616 /dev/loop-control interface.
1618 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
1620 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
1622 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
1623 See Documentation/md.txt.
1626 Format: <first>,<last>
1627 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
1629 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
1630 Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
1631 to see the whole system memory or for test.
1632 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
1633 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
1634 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
1635 belonging to unused RAM.
1637 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
1641 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
1642 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
1644 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
1645 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
1646 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
1647 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
1650 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
1651 [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory
1652 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
1654 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
1655 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
1656 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
1658 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
1659 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
1660 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
1661 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
1662 memmap=64K$0x18690000
1664 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
1666 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
1667 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
1668 memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
1669 Setting this option will scan the memory
1670 looking for corruption. Enabling this will
1671 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
1672 from using the memory being corrupted.
1673 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
1674 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
1675 affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
1676 to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
1678 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
1679 By default it checks for corruption in the low
1680 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
1681 use. Use this parameter to scan for
1682 corruption in more or less memory.
1684 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
1685 By default it checks for corruption every 60
1686 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some
1687 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking.
1689 memtest= [KNL,X86] Enable memtest
1691 default : 0 <disable>
1692 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
1693 performed. Each pass selects another test
1694 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
1695 fills the memory with this pattern, validates
1696 memory contents and reserves bad memory
1697 regions that are detected.
1699 meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
1700 See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
1702 mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
1703 Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
1706 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
1707 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
1708 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
1709 problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
1713 min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
1714 physical address is ignored.
1716 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL]
1717 Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
1719 MINI2440 configuration specification:
1720 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
1721 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
1722 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
1723 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
1724 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
1726 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
1727 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
1728 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
1730 c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
1731 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
1732 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
1733 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
1734 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
1735 http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
1738 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
1739 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
1740 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
1741 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
1742 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
1743 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
1746 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
1747 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
1748 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
1749 is always true, so this option does nothing.
1752 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
1753 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
1754 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
1755 touchpads working in absolute mode only).
1757 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
1758 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
1759 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
1760 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
1762 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
1763 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
1764 amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
1765 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
1766 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
1767 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
1768 is specified, the administrator must be careful
1769 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
1772 MTD_Partition= [MTD]
1773 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
1775 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
1776 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
1779 See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
1781 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
1782 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
1785 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
1787 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
1789 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
1790 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
1791 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
1792 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
1793 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
1796 ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
1798 See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
1800 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
1801 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
1802 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
1804 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1805 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
1806 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
1808 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
1809 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
1811 Large value could prevent small alignment from
1814 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
1816 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
1818 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
1819 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
1821 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
1823 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
1824 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
1825 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
1826 something different and driver-specific.
1827 This usage is only documented in each driver source
1831 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
1832 0 to disable accounting
1833 1 to enable accounting
1836 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead.
1837 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1839 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
1840 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1842 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
1843 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1845 nfs.callback_tcpport=
1846 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
1847 channel should listen.
1850 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
1851 to update the NFS client cache entries.
1853 nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
1854 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
1855 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
1857 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
1858 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
1862 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
1863 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
1864 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
1865 of returning the full 64-bit number.
1866 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
1868 nfs.max_session_slots=
1869 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
1870 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
1871 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
1872 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
1873 Note that there is little point in setting this
1874 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
1876 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
1877 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
1878 ensures that both the RPC level authentication
1879 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
1880 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
1881 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
1882 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
1883 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
1884 Servers that do not support this mode of operation
1885 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
1886 back to using the idmapper.
1887 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
1889 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
1890 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
1891 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a
1892 UUID that is generated at system install time.
1894 nfs.send_implementation_id =
1895 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
1896 information in exchange_id requests.
1897 If zero, no implementation identification information
1899 The default is to send the implementation identification
1902 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
1903 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
1904 server will return only numeric uids and gids to
1905 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
1906 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease
1907 migration from NFSv2/v3.
1909 objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
1910 [NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
1911 is used to automatically discover and login into new
1912 osd-targets. Please see:
1913 Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
1915 nmi_debug= [KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
1916 when a NMI is triggered.
1917 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
1919 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
1920 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
1922 0 - turn nmi_watchdog off
1923 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
1924 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
1926 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
1927 need the box quickly up again.
1929 netpoll.carrier_timeout=
1930 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
1931 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
1934 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
1935 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
1939 [HW] Never suspend the console
1940 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
1941 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
1942 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
1943 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
1944 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
1945 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
1946 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
1947 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
1948 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
1949 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
1950 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
1951 turn on/off it dynamically.
1953 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
1954 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
1955 but will impact performance.
1959 noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
1960 IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
1962 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
1964 nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
1965 on "Classic" PPC cores.
1969 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
1971 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
1973 nodisconnect [HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
1975 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
1977 noefi [X86] Disable EFI runtime services support.
1982 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
1983 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
1984 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
1987 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
1988 even if it is supported by processor.
1991 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
1992 even if it is supported by processor.
1995 This affects only 32-bit executables.
1996 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
1997 read doesn't imply executable mappings
1998 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
1999 read implies executable mappings
2001 nofpu [SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
2003 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
2004 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
2005 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
2007 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
2008 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
2009 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
2012 on enable eager fpu restore
2013 off disable eager fpu restore
2014 auto selects the default scheme, which automatically
2015 enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt.
2017 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
2018 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
2019 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
2021 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The
2022 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
2023 is to be setuid root or executed by root.
2025 nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
2026 function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
2027 power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
2028 interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
2029 in certain environments such as networked servers or
2032 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
2033 Valid arguments: on, off
2036 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT]
2037 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
2038 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
2039 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
2040 the range to maintain the timekeeping.
2041 The CPUs in this range must also be included in the
2044 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
2046 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
2047 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
2049 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
2050 broken timer IRQ sources.
2052 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
2054 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
2057 nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
2059 [Deprecated - use intremap=off]
2063 nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
2065 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
2067 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
2070 no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
2071 steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
2074 nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
2076 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
2078 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
2079 lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
2081 nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
2083 nomce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
2085 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
2086 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
2088 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
2089 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
2092 nomodule Disable module load
2094 nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
2095 pagetables) support.
2097 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2098 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2100 noreplace-paravirt [X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
2102 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
2103 with UP alternatives
2105 nordrand [X86] Disable the direct use of the RDRAND
2106 instruction even if it is supported by the
2107 processor. RDRAND is still available to user
2110 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
2113 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
2114 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
2115 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
2119 nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
2121 nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
2122 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0".
2124 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
2126 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
2128 notsc [BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
2130 nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
2132 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable the lockup detector (NMI watchdog).
2136 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
2138 cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
2139 CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
2140 Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
2141 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
2142 Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
2143 need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
2144 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
2145 removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
2146 It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
2147 machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
2148 after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
2149 If the dependencies are under your control, you can
2150 turn on cpu0_hotplug.
2152 nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
2153 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
2156 nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2157 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
2158 supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not
2159 use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online.
2160 just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n
2162 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
2164 numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
2165 Allowed values are enable and disable
2167 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
2168 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
2169 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
2170 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
2172 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
2173 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
2176 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
2177 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
2178 command is not properly ACKed, override the length
2179 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while
2180 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
2181 interrupts *may* be lost!
2183 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
2184 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
2185 For example, to override I2C bus2:
2186 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
2188 oprofile.timer= [HW]
2189 Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
2191 oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type
2192 This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
2193 userland or if you want common events.
2194 Format: { arch_perfmon }
2195 arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
2196 perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
2197 CPU specific event set.
2198 timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
2199 timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
2200 for generic hr timer mode)
2201 [s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling
2202 (report cpu_type "timer")
2204 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
2205 process, but there is a small probability of
2206 deadlocking the machine.
2207 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
2208 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
2211 See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
2213 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
2214 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
2215 timeout = 0: wait forever
2216 timeout < 0: reboot immediately
2219 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
2220 connected to, default is 0.
2222 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
2223 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
2226 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
2227 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
2228 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
2229 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
2230 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
2231 possible conflicts). You can specify the base
2232 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
2233 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
2234 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
2235 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
2236 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
2237 are specified on the command line, starting
2240 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
2241 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
2242 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
2243 computer where firmware has no options for setting
2244 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
2245 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
2246 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
2249 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
2250 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if
2251 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
2256 See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
2257 See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2259 pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
2260 earlydump [X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
2262 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
2263 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
2264 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
2265 has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
2266 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
2267 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
2268 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
2269 suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
2270 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2272 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
2274 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
2275 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2276 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
2277 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
2278 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
2279 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
2281 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
2282 properly configured MMIO access to PCI
2283 config space on AMD family 10h CPU
2284 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
2285 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
2286 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
2287 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
2288 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
2289 should never be necessary.
2290 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
2291 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
2292 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
2293 when the system masks IRQs.
2294 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
2295 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
2296 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
2297 The opposite of ioapicreroute.
2298 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
2299 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
2300 on several machines and they hang the machine
2301 when used, but on other computers it's the only
2302 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
2303 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
2304 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
2306 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
2307 Use with caution as certain devices share
2308 address decoders between ROMs and other
2310 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to
2311 expansion ROMs that do not already have
2312 BIOS assigned address ranges.
2313 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the
2314 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
2315 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
2316 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
2317 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
2319 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address
2320 of the PIRQ table (normally generated
2321 by the BIOS) if it is outside the
2322 F0000h-100000h range.
2323 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
2324 useful if the kernel is unable to find your
2325 secondary buses and you want to tell it
2326 explicitly which ones they are.
2327 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus
2328 numbers ourselves, overriding
2329 whatever the firmware may have done.
2330 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
2331 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
2332 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
2333 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
2334 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
2335 IRQ routing is enabled.
2336 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
2337 or for PCI scanning.
2338 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
2339 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
2340 is enabled by default. If you need to use this,
2341 please report a bug.
2342 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
2343 If you need to use this, please report a bug.
2344 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
2345 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
2346 so this option is a temporary workaround
2347 for broken drivers that don't call it.
2348 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can
2349 handle more pci cards
2350 firmware [ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
2351 just use the configuration from the
2352 bootloader. This is currently used on
2353 IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
2354 configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
2355 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
2356 This might help on some broken boards which
2357 machine check when some devices' config space
2358 is read. But various workarounds are disabled
2359 and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
2360 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2361 This sorting is done to get a device
2362 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
2363 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
2364 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
2365 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
2366 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value
2367 supported by all devices below the root complex.
2368 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
2369 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
2370 Read Request Size) to the largest supported
2371 value (no larger than the MPS that the device
2372 or bus can support) for best performance.
2373 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
2374 every device is guaranteed to support. This
2375 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
2376 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
2377 reduced performance. This also guarantees
2378 that hot-added devices will work.
2379 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2380 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
2381 The default value is 256 bytes.
2382 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2383 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
2384 window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
2387 [<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
2388 Specifies alignment and device to reassign
2389 aligned memory resources.
2390 If <order of align> is not specified,
2391 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
2392 PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
2393 windows need to be expanded.
2394 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
2395 end-to-end CRC checking).
2396 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
2400 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2401 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
2402 Default size is 256 bytes.
2403 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
2404 reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
2405 Default size is 2 megabytes.
2406 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
2407 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
2408 accommodate resources required by all child
2410 off: Turn realloc off
2412 realloc same as realloc=on
2413 noari do not use PCIe ARI.
2414 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we
2415 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
2418 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
2421 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
2422 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
2424 pcie_hp= [PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
2425 nomsi Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
2426 makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
2428 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
2429 auto Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
2430 associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER). Use
2431 them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
2432 native Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
2434 compat Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
2437 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
2438 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
2439 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
2441 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
2444 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2446 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
2449 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
2451 percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
2452 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
2453 Archs may support subset or none of the selections.
2454 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
2455 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging
2456 and performance comparison.
2459 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2462 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2464 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
2465 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
2467 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
2468 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
2469 See also Documentation/parport.txt.
2471 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
2472 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
2476 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
2477 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time
2478 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show
2479 current resource usage; turning this on also shows
2480 possible settings and some assignment information.
2486 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
2489 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
2492 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
2494 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
2495 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
2498 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
2500 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
2502 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
2504 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
2506 Format: <port>,<port>....
2508 print-fatal-signals=
2509 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
2511 If enabled, warn about various signal handling
2512 related application anomalies: too many signals,
2513 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
2516 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
2517 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
2521 printk.always_kmsg_dump=
2522 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
2524 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
2527 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
2528 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
2530 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
2531 Limit processor to maximum C-state
2532 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
2534 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
2535 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
2536 instead using the legacy FADT method
2538 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
2539 Format: [schedule,]<number>
2540 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
2541 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
2542 statistical time based profiling.
2543 Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
2544 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
2545 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
2547 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
2549 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2551 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
2552 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
2553 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
2555 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
2556 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
2559 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
2560 psmouse.smartscroll=
2561 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
2562 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
2564 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
2567 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
2570 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
2573 quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages
2578 See Documentation/md.txt.
2580 ramdisk_blocksize= [RAM]
2581 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2583 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
2584 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2586 rcu_nocbs= [KNL,BOOT]
2587 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
2588 the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
2589 Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
2590 be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
2591 that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
2592 for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
2593 is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the
2594 offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
2596 real-time workloads. It can also improve energy
2597 efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
2599 rcu_nocb_poll [KNL,BOOT]
2600 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
2601 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
2602 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
2603 make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
2604 This improves the real-time response for the
2605 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
2606 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
2607 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
2608 periodically wake up to do the polling.
2610 rcutree.blimit= [KNL,BOOT]
2611 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to process
2614 rcutree.fanout_leaf= [KNL,BOOT]
2615 Increase the number of CPUs assigned to each
2616 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very large
2619 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL,BOOT]
2620 Set delay from grace-period initialization to
2621 first attempt to force quiescent states.
2622 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
2623 and maximum value is HZ.
2625 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL,BOOT]
2626 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
2627 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum
2628 value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
2630 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL,BOOT]
2631 Set threshold of queued
2632 RCU callbacks over which batch limiting is disabled.
2634 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL,BOOT]
2635 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
2636 batch limiting is re-enabled.
2638 rcutree.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL,BOOT]
2639 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
2641 rcutree.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL,BOOT]
2642 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
2644 rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL,BOOT]
2645 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
2646 RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
2648 rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL,BOOT]
2649 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
2650 only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
2651 Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
2652 prove do nothing more than free memory.
2654 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL,BOOT]
2655 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts.
2657 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
2658 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts.
2660 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL,BOOT]
2661 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts.
2663 rcutorture.irqreader= [KNL,BOOT]
2664 Test RCU readers from irq handlers.
2666 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL,BOOT]
2667 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
2669 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL,BOOT]
2670 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just
2671 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
2672 test, hence the "fake".
2674 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL,BOOT]
2675 Set number of RCU readers.
2677 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
2678 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
2680 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
2681 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
2682 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
2684 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
2685 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks
2686 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
2687 during the rcutorture test.
2689 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL,BOOT]
2690 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
2691 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
2693 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL,BOOT]
2694 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
2695 warnings, zero to disable.
2697 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
2698 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
2700 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
2701 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
2703 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL,BOOT]
2704 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
2705 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
2706 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's
2707 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
2709 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL,BOOT]
2710 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
2711 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
2712 under test support RCU priority boosting.
2714 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL,BOOT]
2715 Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
2717 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
2718 Interval (s) between each boost test.
2720 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL,BOOT]
2721 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the
2722 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
2724 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL,BOOT]
2725 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
2727 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL,BOOT]
2728 Enable additional printk() statements.
2732 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
2733 used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
2736 Format (x86 or x86_64):
2737 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
2739 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
2741 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
2742 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
2743 reboot_force is either force or not specified,
2744 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
2745 to be used for rebooting.
2748 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
2749 See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt.
2751 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
2753 reservetop= [X86-32]
2755 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
2760 Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
2761 the bottom of the address space.
2763 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
2764 during initialization.
2767 Specify the partition device for software suspend
2769 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
2771 resume_offset= [SWSUSP]
2772 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
2773 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
2774 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
2775 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
2777 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
2778 read the resume files
2780 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
2781 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
2782 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
2784 hibernate= [HIBERNATION]
2785 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image
2786 present during boot.
2787 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
2789 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
2791 rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
2792 Set number of hash buckets for route cache
2794 riscom8= [HW,SERIAL]
2795 Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]]
2797 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
2799 root= [KNL] Root filesystem
2800 See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
2802 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
2803 mount the root filesystem
2805 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
2807 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
2809 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
2810 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
2811 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
2813 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
2814 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
2815 Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
2818 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
2820 S [KNL] Run init in single mode
2823 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
2825 sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
2827 sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
2829 skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
2830 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
2831 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
2832 Format: { "0" | "1" }
2833 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
2835 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
2836 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
2838 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
2839 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
2840 security module asking for security registration will be
2841 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
2842 as if no module has been chosen.
2844 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
2845 Format: { "0" | "1" }
2846 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
2849 Default value is set via kernel config option.
2850 If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
2851 later to disable prior to initial policy load.
2853 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
2854 Format: { "0" | "1" }
2855 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
2858 Default value is set via kernel config option.
2860 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32]
2863 Maximal number of shapers.
2865 show_msr= [x86] show boot-time MSR settings
2866 Format: { <integer> }
2867 Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
2868 The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
2869 for example 1 means boot CPU only.
2876 slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB]
2877 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
2878 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
2879 fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with
2880 more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
2882 slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB]
2883 Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
2884 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
2885 slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
2886 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
2887 last alloc / free. For more information see
2888 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
2890 slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
2891 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
2892 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
2893 fragmentation. For more information see
2894 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
2896 slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB]
2897 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
2898 increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
2899 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
2900 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
2901 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
2902 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
2903 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
2905 slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB]
2906 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
2907 lower than slub_max_order.
2908 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
2910 slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB]
2911 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
2912 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
2913 allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
2914 merging on their own.
2915 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
2918 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
2920 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
2921 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port
2922 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port
2923 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port
2924 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line
2925 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel
2926 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
2927 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
2928 1: Fast pin select (default)
2932 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
2935 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
2936 See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
2938 specialix= [HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter
2939 See Documentation/serial/specialix.txt.
2941 spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
2947 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
2949 stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
2950 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
2951 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
2952 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
2953 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
2954 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
2955 and the stacktrace above is not needed.
2959 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
2960 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
2961 as the initial boot-console.
2962 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
2965 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
2968 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
2970 sunrpc.min_resvport=
2971 sunrpc.max_resvport=
2973 SunRPC servers often require that client requests
2974 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
2975 range 0 < portnr < 1024).
2976 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
2977 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
2978 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
2979 using these two parameters to set the minimum and
2980 maximum port values.
2984 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
2985 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs
2986 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
2987 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
2988 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
2989 NFS server is running.
2991 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode
2992 automatically using heuristics
2993 global a single global pool contains all CPUs
2994 percpu one pool for each CPU
2995 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
2996 to global on non-NUMA machines)
2998 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
2999 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
3001 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
3002 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
3003 server. Increasing these values may allow you to
3004 improve throughput, but will also increase the
3005 amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
3008 [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
3009 controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
3010 it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)
3012 swiotlb= [IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs
3016 sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
3017 Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
3018 on older distributions. When this option is enabled
3019 very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
3020 is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
3021 in older udev will not work anymore.
3022 Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
3023 the kernel configuration.
3025 sysrq_always_enabled
3027 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
3028 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
3029 Useful for debugging.
3033 test_suspend= [SUSPEND]
3034 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
3035 standby suspend) as the system sleep state to briefly
3036 enter during system startup. The system is woken from
3037 this state using a wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
3039 thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3040 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
3042 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI]
3043 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
3044 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
3046 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI]
3047 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
3048 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points
3050 thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI]
3051 Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
3052 critical and hot trip points.
3054 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI]
3055 1: disable ACPI thermal control
3057 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI]
3058 -1: disable all passive trip points
3059 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
3062 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI]
3063 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
3064 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
3065 0: no polling (default)
3068 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
3069 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
3072 Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
3074 tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3075 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
3076 API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
3078 tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3079 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
3080 API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
3081 the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
3083 tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3084 Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
3087 tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
3088 Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
3089 transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
3090 kernel based on different criteria.
3094 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
3095 topology information if the hardware supports this.
3096 The scheduler will make use of this information and
3097 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
3102 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
3103 Format: integer pcr id
3104 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
3105 should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
3106 as a workaround for some chips which fail to
3107 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
3108 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
3111 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
3112 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size.
3114 trace_event=[event-list]
3115 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
3116 to facilitate early boot debugging.
3117 See also Documentation/trace/events.txt
3119 trace_options=[option-list]
3120 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
3121 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
3122 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
3123 to echo the option name into
3125 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
3127 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
3128 stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
3130 trace_options=stacktrace
3132 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
3136 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
3137 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
3138 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
3139 file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
3141 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
3142 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
3143 be filled with content caused by the warning output.
3145 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
3146 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning
3148 transparent_hugepage=
3150 Format: [always|madvise|never]
3151 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
3152 with respect to transparent hugepages.
3153 See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
3155 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
3157 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
3158 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
3159 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable
3160 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
3161 virtualized environment.
3162 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
3163 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
3164 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
3167 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
3168 TurboGraFX parallel port interface
3170 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
3171 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
3173 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
3174 happen after console_init() and before a proper
3175 console driver takes over, this boot options might
3176 help "seeing" what's going on.
3178 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3179 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
3182 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
3183 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
3184 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
3185 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
3186 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
3190 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
3192 usbcore.authorized_default=
3193 [USB] Default USB device authorization:
3194 (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
3195 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
3197 usbcore.autosuspend=
3198 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
3199 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This
3200 is the time required before an idle device will be
3201 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set
3202 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
3204 usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
3205 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
3207 usbcore.blinkenlights=
3208 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
3210 usbcore.old_scheme_first=
3211 [USB] Start with the old device initialization
3212 scheme (default 0 = off).
3214 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
3215 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
3216 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
3218 usbcore.use_both_schemes=
3219 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
3220 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
3222 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
3223 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
3224 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
3225 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
3228 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
3230 usb-storage.delay_use=
3231 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
3232 scanned for Logical Units (default 5).
3235 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
3236 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List
3237 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has
3238 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
3239 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
3240 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
3241 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
3242 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
3244 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
3245 bytes of sense data);
3246 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
3247 device capacity by one sector);
3248 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
3249 READ_DISC_INFO command);
3250 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
3251 READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
3252 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
3253 reported device capacity by one
3254 sector if the number is odd);
3255 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
3257 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
3258 unlock ejectable media);
3259 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
3260 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
3261 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
3262 initial READ(10) command);
3263 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
3264 reported by the device);
3265 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
3267 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
3268 bogus residue values);
3269 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
3271 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
3272 medium is write-protected).
3273 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
3275 user_debug= [KNL,ARM]
3277 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
3278 1 - undefined instruction events
3280 4 - invalid data aborts
3283 Example: user_debug=31
3286 [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
3288 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
3289 HIGHMEM regardless of setting
3293 vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
3294 vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)
3295 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
3298 vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
3299 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default)
3300 vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping
3303 vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
3305 video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
3306 See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
3308 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
3309 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
3310 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
3311 level and then send out the event to user space through
3312 the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
3313 will only send out the event without touching backlight
3318 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
3320 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
3322 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes
3324 <baseaddr> := physical base address
3325 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to
3327 <id> := (optional) platform device id
3329 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
3331 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
3333 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
3334 See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
3335 Documentation/svga.txt.
3336 Use vga=ask for menu.
3337 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
3338 passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
3340 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
3341 size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
3342 minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
3343 decrease the size and leave more room for directly
3346 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
3349 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
3352 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
3356 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
3357 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
3358 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older
3359 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these
3360 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
3361 targets for exploits that can control RIP.
3363 emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
3364 emulated reasonably safely.
3366 native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
3367 This is a little bit faster than trapping
3368 and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
3369 better than they would in emulation mode.
3370 It also makes exploits much easier to write.
3372 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes
3373 them quite hard to use for exploits but
3374 might break your system.
3376 vt.color= [VT] Default text color.
3377 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
3378 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
3380 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape.
3381 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
3382 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
3383 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
3385 vt.default_blu= [VT]
3386 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
3387 Change the default blue palette of the console.
3388 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3391 vt.default_grn= [VT]
3392 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
3393 Change the default green palette of the console.
3394 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3397 vt.default_red= [VT]
3398 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
3399 Change the default red palette of the console.
3400 This is a 16-member array composed of values
3406 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
3407 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
3408 newly opened terminals.
3410 vt.global_cursor_default=
3413 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
3414 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
3415 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
3416 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
3417 cursors, 1 will display them.
3419 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
3422 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
3425 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
3426 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
3427 or other driver-specific files in the
3428 Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
3430 workqueue.disable_numa
3431 By default, all work items queued to unbound
3432 workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
3433 issued on, which results in better behavior in
3434 general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
3435 whatever reason, this option can be used. Note
3436 that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
3437 workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
3439 workqueue.power_efficient
3440 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
3441 they show better performance thanks to cache
3442 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
3443 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
3445 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
3446 were observed to contribute significantly to power
3447 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
3448 power usage at the cost of small performance
3451 The default value of this parameter is determined by
3452 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
3454 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
3455 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
3458 x86_mrst_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
3459 Choose timer option for x86 Moorestown MID platform.
3460 Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
3461 plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
3462 x86_mrst_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
3464 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN]
3465 Unplug Xen emulated devices
3466 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
3467 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
3468 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
3469 nics -- unplug network devices
3470 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
3471 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
3472 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
3474 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
3476 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
3478 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
3480 ______________________________________________________________________
3484 Add more DRM drivers.