5 It is generally desirable that building the same source code with
6 the same set of tools is reproducible, i.e. the output is always
7 exactly the same. This makes it possible to verify that the build
8 infrastructure for a binary distribution or embedded system has not
9 been subverted. This can also make it easier to verify that a source
10 or tool change does not make any difference to the resulting binaries.
12 The `Reproducible Builds project`_ has more information about this
13 general topic. This document covers the various reasons why building
14 the kernel may be unreproducible, and how to avoid them.
19 The kernel embeds timestamps in three places:
21 * The version string exposed by ``uname()`` and included in
24 * File timestamps in the embedded initramfs
26 * If enabled via ``CONFIG_IKHEADERS``, file timestamps of kernel
27 headers embedded in the kernel or respective module,
28 exposed via ``/sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz``
30 By default the timestamp is the current time and in the case of
31 ``kheaders`` the various files' modification times. This must
32 be overridden using the `KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP`_ variable.
33 If you are building from a git commit, you could use its commit date.
35 The kernel does *not* use the ``__DATE__`` and ``__TIME__`` macros,
36 and enables warnings if they are used. If you incorporate external
37 code that does use these, you must override the timestamp they
38 correspond to by setting the `SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH`_ environment
44 The kernel embeds the building user and host names in
45 ``/proc/version``. These must be overridden using the
46 `KBUILD_BUILD_USER and KBUILD_BUILD_HOST`_ variables. If you are
47 building from a git commit, you could use its committer address.
52 When the kernel is built out-of-tree, debug information may include
53 absolute filenames for the source files. This must be overridden by
54 including the ``-fdebug-prefix-map`` option in the `KCFLAGS`_ variable.
56 Depending on the compiler used, the ``__FILE__`` macro may also expand
57 to an absolute filename in an out-of-tree build. Kbuild automatically
58 uses the ``-fmacro-prefix-map`` option to prevent this, if it is
61 The Reproducible Builds web site has more information about these
62 `prefix-map options`_.
64 Generated files in source packages
65 ----------------------------------
67 The build processes for some programs under the ``tools/``
68 subdirectory do not completely support out-of-tree builds. This may
69 cause a later source package build using e.g. ``make rpm-pkg`` to
70 include generated files. You should ensure the source tree is
71 pristine by running ``make mrproper`` or ``git clean -d -f -x`` before
72 building a source package.
77 If you enable ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL``, the default behaviour is to
78 generate a different temporary key for each build, resulting in the
79 modules being unreproducible. However, including a signing key with
80 your source would presumably defeat the purpose of signing modules.
82 One approach to this is to divide up the build process so that the
83 unreproducible parts can be treated as sources:
85 1. Generate a persistent signing key. Add the certificate for the key
88 2. Set the ``CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYS`` symbol to include the
89 signing key's certificate, set ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_KEY`` to an
90 empty string, and disable ``CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ALL``.
91 Build the kernel and modules.
93 3. Create detached signatures for the modules, and publish them as
96 4. Perform a second build that attaches the module signatures. It
97 can either rebuild the modules or use the output of step 2.
99 Structure randomisation
100 -----------------------
102 If you enable ``CONFIG_RANDSTRUCT``, you will need to pre-generate
103 the random seed in ``scripts/basic/randstruct.seed`` so the same
104 value is used by each build. See ``scripts/gen-randstruct-seed.sh``
110 This is not a problem of unreproducibility, but of generated files
111 being *too* reproducible.
113 Once you set all the necessary variables for a reproducible build, a
114 vDSO's debug information may be identical even for different kernel
115 versions. This can result in file conflicts between debug information
116 packages for the different kernel versions.
118 To avoid this, you can make the vDSO different for different
119 kernel versions by including an arbitrary string of "salt" in it.
120 This is specified by the Kconfig symbol ``CONFIG_BUILD_SALT``.
125 Uncommitted changes or different commit ids in git can also lead
126 to different compilation results. For example, after executing
127 ``git reset HEAD^``, even if the code is the same, the
128 ``include/config/kernel.release`` generated during compilation
129 will be different, which will eventually lead to binary differences.
130 See ``scripts/setlocalversion`` for details.
132 .. _KBUILD_BUILD_TIMESTAMP: kbuild.html#kbuild-build-timestamp
133 .. _KBUILD_BUILD_USER and KBUILD_BUILD_HOST: kbuild.html#kbuild-build-user-kbuild-build-host
134 .. _KCFLAGS: kbuild.html#kcflags
135 .. _prefix-map options: https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/build-path/
136 .. _Reproducible Builds project: https://reproducible-builds.org/
137 .. _SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH: https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/source-date-epoch/