8 The basic idea was inspired by Make. When we look at Make, we notice sort of
9 two languages in one. One language describes dependency graphs consisting of
10 targets and prerequisites. The other is a macro language for performing textual
13 There is clear distinction between the two language stages. For example, you
14 can write a makefile like follows::
21 $(CC) -o $(APP) $(SRC)
23 The macro language replaces the variable references with their expanded form,
24 and handles as if the source file were input like follows::
29 Then, Make analyzes the dependency graph and determines the targets to be
32 The idea is quite similar in Kconfig - it is possible to describe a Kconfig
38 def_bool $(shell, $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-check-foo.sh $(CC))
40 The macro language in Kconfig processes the source file into the following
46 Then, Kconfig moves onto the evaluation stage to resolve inter-symbol
47 dependency as explained in kconfig-language.rst.
53 Like in Make, a variable in Kconfig works as a macro variable. A macro
54 variable is expanded "in place" to yield a text string that may then be
55 expanded further. To get the value of a variable, enclose the variable name in
56 $( ). The parentheses are required even for single-letter variable names; $X is
57 a syntax error. The curly brace form as in ${CC} is not supported either.
59 There are two types of variables: simply expanded variables and recursively
62 A simply expanded variable is defined using the := assignment operator. Its
63 righthand side is expanded immediately upon reading the line from the Kconfig
66 A recursively expanded variable is defined using the = assignment operator.
67 Its righthand side is simply stored as the value of the variable without
68 expanding it in any way. Instead, the expansion is performed when the variable
71 There is another type of assignment operator; += is used to append text to a
72 variable. The righthand side of += is expanded immediately if the lefthand
73 side was originally defined as a simple variable. Otherwise, its evaluation is
76 The variable reference can take parameters, in the following form::
78 $(name,arg1,arg2,arg3)
80 You can consider the parameterized reference as a function. (more precisely,
81 "user-defined function" in contrast to "built-in function" listed below).
83 Useful functions must be expanded when they are used since the same function is
84 expanded differently if different parameters are passed. Hence, a user-defined
85 function is defined using the = assignment operator. The parameters are
86 referenced within the body definition with $(1), $(2), etc.
88 In fact, recursively expanded variables and user-defined functions are the same
89 internally. (In other words, "variable" is "function with zero argument".)
90 When we say "variable" in a broad sense, it includes "user-defined function".
96 Like Make, Kconfig provides several built-in functions. Every function takes a
97 particular number of arguments.
99 In Make, every built-in function takes at least one argument. Kconfig allows
100 zero argument for built-in functions, such as $(filename), $(lineno). You could
101 consider those as "built-in variable", but it is just a matter of how we call
102 it after all. Let's say "built-in function" here to refer to natively supported
105 Kconfig currently supports the following built-in functions.
109 The "shell" function accepts a single argument that is expanded and passed
110 to a subshell for execution. The standard output of the command is then read
111 and returned as the value of the function. Every newline in the output is
112 replaced with a space. Any trailing newlines are deleted. The standard error
113 is not returned, nor is any program exit status.
117 The "info" function takes a single argument and prints it to stdout.
118 It evaluates to an empty string.
120 - $(warning-if,condition,text)
122 The "warning-if" function takes two arguments. If the condition part is "y",
123 the text part is sent to stderr. The text is prefixed with the name of the
124 current Kconfig file and the current line number.
126 - $(error-if,condition,text)
128 The "error-if" function is similar to "warning-if", but it terminates the
129 parsing immediately if the condition part is "y".
133 The 'filename' takes no argument, and $(filename) is expanded to the file
138 The 'lineno' takes no argument, and $(lineno) is expanded to the line number
145 Kconfig adopts Make-like macro language, but the function call syntax is
148 A function call in Make looks like this::
150 $(func-name arg1,arg2,arg3)
152 The function name and the first argument are separated by at least one
153 whitespace. Then, leading whitespaces are trimmed from the first argument,
154 while whitespaces in the other arguments are kept. You need to use a kind of
155 trick to start the first parameter with spaces. For example, if you want
156 to make "info" function print " hello", you can write like follows::
159 space := $(empty) $(empty)
160 $(info $(space)$(space)hello)
162 Kconfig uses only commas for delimiters, and keeps all whitespaces in the
163 function call. Some people prefer putting a space after each comma delimiter::
165 $(func-name, arg1, arg2, arg3)
167 In this case, "func-name" will receive " arg1", " arg2", " arg3". The presence
168 of leading spaces may matter depending on the function. The same applies to
169 Make - for example, $(subst .c, .o, $(sources)) is a typical mistake; it
170 replaces ".c" with " .o".
172 In Make, a user-defined function is referenced by using a built-in function,
175 $(call my-func,arg1,arg2,arg3)
177 Kconfig invokes user-defined functions and built-in functions in the same way.
178 The omission of 'call' makes the syntax shorter.
180 In Make, some functions treat commas verbatim instead of argument separators.
181 For example, $(shell echo hello, world) runs the command "echo hello, world".
182 Likewise, $(info hello, world) prints "hello, world" to stdout. You could say
183 this is _useful_ inconsistency.
185 In Kconfig, for simpler implementation and grammatical consistency, commas that
186 appear in the $( ) context are always delimiters. It means::
188 $(shell, echo hello, world)
190 is an error because it is passing two parameters where the 'shell' function
191 accepts only one. To pass commas in arguments, you can use the following trick::
194 $(shell, echo hello$(comma) world)
200 A variable (or function) cannot be expanded across tokens. So, you cannot use
201 a variable as a shorthand for an expression that consists of multiple tokens.
202 The following works::
209 range $(RANGE_MIN) $(RANGE_MAX)
211 But, the following does not work::
219 A variable cannot be expanded to any keyword in Kconfig. The following does
228 Obviously from the design, $(shell command) is expanded in the textual
229 substitution phase. You cannot pass symbols to the 'shell' function.
231 The following does not work as expected::
235 default "-mbig-endian" if CPU_BIG_ENDIAN
236 default "-mlittle-endian" if CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN
238 config CC_HAS_ENDIAN_FLAG
239 def_bool $(shell $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-check-flag ENDIAN_FLAG)
241 Instead, you can do like follows so that any function call is statically
244 config CC_HAS_ENDIAN_FLAG
246 default $(shell $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-check-flag -mbig-endian) if CPU_BIG_ENDIAN
247 default $(shell $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-check-flag -mlittle-endian) if CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN