1 ===============================
2 Implementing I2C device drivers
3 ===============================
5 This is a small guide for those who want to write kernel drivers for I2C
6 or SMBus devices, using Linux as the protocol host/master (not slave).
8 To set up a driver, you need to do several things. Some are optional, and
9 some things can be done slightly or completely different. Use this as a
10 guide, not as a rule book!
16 Try to keep the kernel namespace as clean as possible. The best way to
17 do this is to use a unique prefix for all global symbols. This is
18 especially important for exported symbols, but it is a good idea to do
19 it for non-exported symbols too. We will use the prefix ``foo_`` in this
26 Usually, you will implement a single driver structure, and instantiate
27 all clients from it. Remember, a driver structure contains general access
28 routines, and should be zero-initialized except for fields with data you
29 provide. A client structure holds device-specific information like the
30 driver model device node, and its I2C address.
34 static struct i2c_device_id foo_idtable[] = {
35 { "foo", my_id_for_foo },
36 { "bar", my_id_for_bar },
40 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(i2c, foo_idtable);
42 static struct i2c_driver foo_driver = {
45 .pm = &foo_pm_ops, /* optional */
48 .id_table = foo_idtable,
49 .probe_new = foo_probe,
51 /* if device autodetection is needed: */
52 .class = I2C_CLASS_SOMETHING,
54 .address_list = normal_i2c,
56 .shutdown = foo_shutdown, /* optional */
57 .command = foo_command, /* optional, deprecated */
60 The name field is the driver name, and must not contain spaces. It
61 should match the module name (if the driver can be compiled as a module),
62 although you can use MODULE_ALIAS (passing "foo" in this example) to add
63 another name for the module. If the driver name doesn't match the module
64 name, the module won't be automatically loaded (hotplug/coldplug).
66 All other fields are for call-back functions which will be explained
73 Each client structure has a special ``data`` field that can point to any
74 structure at all. You should use this to keep device-specific data.
79 void i2c_set_clientdata(struct i2c_client *client, void *data);
81 /* retrieve the value */
82 void *i2c_get_clientdata(const struct i2c_client *client);
84 Note that starting with kernel 2.6.34, you don't have to set the ``data`` field
85 to NULL in remove() or if probe() failed anymore. The i2c-core does this
86 automatically on these occasions. Those are also the only times the core will
93 Let's say we have a valid client structure. At some time, we will need
94 to gather information from the client, or write new information to the
97 I have found it useful to define foo_read and foo_write functions for this.
98 For some cases, it will be easier to call the I2C functions directly,
99 but many chips have some kind of register-value idea that can easily
102 The below functions are simple examples, and should not be copied
105 int foo_read_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg)
107 if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
108 return i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(client, reg);
109 else /* word-sized register */
110 return i2c_smbus_read_word_data(client, reg);
113 int foo_write_value(struct i2c_client *client, u8 reg, u16 value)
115 if (reg == 0x10) /* Impossible to write - driver error! */
117 else if (reg < 0x10) /* byte-sized register */
118 return i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(client, reg, value);
119 else /* word-sized register */
120 return i2c_smbus_write_word_data(client, reg, value);
124 Probing and attaching
125 =====================
127 The Linux I2C stack was originally written to support access to hardware
128 monitoring chips on PC motherboards, and thus used to embed some assumptions
129 that were more appropriate to SMBus (and PCs) than to I2C. One of these
130 assumptions was that most adapters and devices drivers support the SMBUS_QUICK
131 protocol to probe device presence. Another was that devices and their drivers
132 can be sufficiently configured using only such probe primitives.
134 As Linux and its I2C stack became more widely used in embedded systems
135 and complex components such as DVB adapters, those assumptions became more
136 problematic. Drivers for I2C devices that issue interrupts need more (and
137 different) configuration information, as do drivers handling chip variants
138 that can't be distinguished by protocol probing, or which need some board
139 specific information to operate correctly.
142 Device/Driver Binding
143 ---------------------
145 System infrastructure, typically board-specific initialization code or
146 boot firmware, reports what I2C devices exist. For example, there may be
147 a table, in the kernel or from the boot loader, identifying I2C devices
148 and linking them to board-specific configuration information about IRQs
149 and other wiring artifacts, chip type, and so on. That could be used to
150 create i2c_client objects for each I2C device.
152 I2C device drivers using this binding model work just like any other
153 kind of driver in Linux: they provide a probe() method to bind to
154 those devices, and a remove() method to unbind.
158 static int foo_probe(struct i2c_client *client);
159 static int foo_remove(struct i2c_client *client);
161 Remember that the i2c_driver does not create those client handles. The
162 handle may be used during foo_probe(). If foo_probe() reports success
163 (zero not a negative status code) it may save the handle and use it until
164 foo_remove() returns. That binding model is used by most Linux drivers.
166 The probe function is called when an entry in the id_table name field
167 matches the device's name. If the probe function needs that entry, it
168 can retrieve it using
172 const struct i2c_device_id *id = i2c_match_id(foo_idtable, client);
178 If you know for a fact that an I2C device is connected to a given I2C bus,
179 you can instantiate that device by simply filling an i2c_board_info
180 structure with the device address and driver name, and calling
181 i2c_new_client_device(). This will create the device, then the driver core
182 will take care of finding the right driver and will call its probe() method.
183 If a driver supports different device types, you can specify the type you
184 want using the type field. You can also specify an IRQ and platform data
187 Sometimes you know that a device is connected to a given I2C bus, but you
188 don't know the exact address it uses. This happens on TV adapters for
189 example, where the same driver supports dozens of slightly different
190 models, and I2C device addresses change from one model to the next. In
191 that case, you can use the i2c_new_scanned_device() variant, which is
192 similar to i2c_new_client_device(), except that it takes an additional list
193 of possible I2C addresses to probe. A device is created for the first
194 responsive address in the list. If you expect more than one device to be
195 present in the address range, simply call i2c_new_scanned_device() that
198 The call to i2c_new_client_device() or i2c_new_scanned_device() typically
199 happens in the I2C bus driver. You may want to save the returned i2c_client
200 reference for later use.
206 Sometimes you do not know in advance which I2C devices are connected to
207 a given I2C bus. This is for example the case of hardware monitoring
208 devices on a PC's SMBus. In that case, you may want to let your driver
209 detect supported devices automatically. This is how the legacy model
210 was working, and is now available as an extension to the standard
213 You simply have to define a detect callback which will attempt to
214 identify supported devices (returning 0 for supported ones and -ENODEV
215 for unsupported ones), a list of addresses to probe, and a device type
216 (or class) so that only I2C buses which may have that type of device
217 connected (and not otherwise enumerated) will be probed. For example,
218 a driver for a hardware monitoring chip for which auto-detection is
219 needed would set its class to I2C_CLASS_HWMON, and only I2C adapters
220 with a class including I2C_CLASS_HWMON would be probed by this driver.
221 Note that the absence of matching classes does not prevent the use of
222 a device of that type on the given I2C adapter. All it prevents is
223 auto-detection; explicit instantiation of devices is still possible.
225 Note that this mechanism is purely optional and not suitable for all
226 devices. You need some reliable way to identify the supported devices
227 (typically using device-specific, dedicated identification registers),
228 otherwise misdetections are likely to occur and things can get wrong
229 quickly. Keep in mind that the I2C protocol doesn't include any
230 standard way to detect the presence of a chip at a given address, let
231 alone a standard way to identify devices. Even worse is the lack of
232 semantics associated to bus transfers, which means that the same
233 transfer can be seen as a read operation by a chip and as a write
234 operation by another chip. For these reasons, explicit device
235 instantiation should always be preferred to auto-detection where
242 Each I2C device which has been created using i2c_new_client_device()
243 or i2c_new_scanned_device() can be unregistered by calling
244 i2c_unregister_device(). If you don't call it explicitly, it will be
245 called automatically before the underlying I2C bus itself is removed,
246 as a device can't survive its parent in the device driver model.
249 Initializing the driver
250 =======================
252 When the kernel is booted, or when your foo driver module is inserted,
253 you have to do some initializing. Fortunately, just registering the
254 driver module is usually enough.
258 static int __init foo_init(void)
260 return i2c_add_driver(&foo_driver);
262 module_init(foo_init);
264 static void __exit foo_cleanup(void)
266 i2c_del_driver(&foo_driver);
268 module_exit(foo_cleanup);
270 The module_i2c_driver() macro can be used to reduce above code.
272 module_i2c_driver(foo_driver);
274 Note that some functions are marked by ``__init``. These functions can
275 be removed after kernel booting (or module loading) is completed.
276 Likewise, functions marked by ``__exit`` are dropped by the compiler when
277 the code is built into the kernel, as they would never be called.
285 /* Substitute your own name and email address */
286 MODULE_AUTHOR("Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>"
287 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Driver for Barf Inc. Foo I2C devices");
289 /* a few non-GPL license types are also allowed */
290 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
296 If your I2C device needs special handling when entering a system low
297 power state -- like putting a transceiver into a low power mode, or
298 activating a system wakeup mechanism -- do that by implementing the
299 appropriate callbacks for the dev_pm_ops of the driver (like suspend
302 These are standard driver model calls, and they work just like they
303 would for any other driver stack. The calls can sleep, and can use
304 I2C messaging to the device being suspended or resumed (since their
305 parent I2C adapter is active when these calls are issued, and IRQs
312 If your I2C device needs special handling when the system shuts down
313 or reboots (including kexec) -- like turning something off -- use a
316 Again, this is a standard driver model call, working just like it
317 would for any other driver stack: the calls can sleep, and can use
324 A generic ioctl-like function call back is supported. You will seldom
325 need this, and its use is deprecated anyway, so newer design should not
329 Sending and receiving
330 =====================
332 If you want to communicate with your device, there are several functions
333 to do this. You can find all of them in <linux/i2c.h>.
335 If you can choose between plain I2C communication and SMBus level
336 communication, please use the latter. All adapters understand SMBus level
337 commands, but only some of them understand plain I2C!
340 Plain I2C communication
341 -----------------------
345 int i2c_master_send(struct i2c_client *client, const char *buf,
347 int i2c_master_recv(struct i2c_client *client, char *buf, int count);
349 These routines read and write some bytes from/to a client. The client
350 contains the I2C address, so you do not have to include it. The second
351 parameter contains the bytes to read/write, the third the number of bytes
352 to read/write (must be less than the length of the buffer, also should be
353 less than 64k since msg.len is u16.) Returned is the actual number of bytes
358 int i2c_transfer(struct i2c_adapter *adap, struct i2c_msg *msg,
361 This sends a series of messages. Each message can be a read or write,
362 and they can be mixed in any way. The transactions are combined: no
363 stop condition is issued between transaction. The i2c_msg structure
364 contains for each message the client address, the number of bytes of the
365 message and the message data itself.
367 You can read the file ``i2c-protocol`` for more information about the
376 s32 i2c_smbus_xfer(struct i2c_adapter *adapter, u16 addr,
377 unsigned short flags, char read_write, u8 command,
378 int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data);
380 This is the generic SMBus function. All functions below are implemented
381 in terms of it. Never use this function directly!
385 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(struct i2c_client *client);
386 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
387 s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
388 s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client *client,
389 u8 command, u8 value);
390 s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(struct i2c_client *client, u8 command);
391 s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(struct i2c_client *client,
392 u8 command, u16 value);
393 s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
394 u8 command, u8 *values);
395 s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
396 u8 command, u8 length, const u8 *values);
397 s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
398 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
399 s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(struct i2c_client *client,
400 u8 command, u8 length,
403 These ones were removed from i2c-core because they had no users, but could
404 be added back later if needed::
406 s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(struct i2c_client *client, u8 value);
407 s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
408 u8 command, u16 value);
409 s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(struct i2c_client *client,
410 u8 command, u8 length, u8 *values);
412 All these transactions return a negative errno value on failure. The 'write'
413 transactions return 0 on success; the 'read' transactions return the read
414 value, except for block transactions, which return the number of values
415 read. The block buffers need not be longer than 32 bytes.
417 You can read the file ``smbus-protocol`` for more information about the
418 actual SMBus protocol.
421 General purpose routines
422 ========================
424 Below all general purpose routines are listed, that were not mentioned
427 /* Return the adapter number for a specific adapter */
428 int i2c_adapter_id(struct i2c_adapter *adap);