1 ================================
2 I2C muxes and complex topologies
3 ================================
5 There are a couple of reasons for building more complex I2C topologies
6 than a straight-forward I2C bus with one adapter and one or more devices.
8 1. A mux may be needed on the bus to prevent address collisions.
10 2. The bus may be accessible from some external bus master, and arbitration
11 may be needed to determine if it is ok to access the bus.
13 3. A device (particularly RF tuners) may want to avoid the digital noise
14 from the I2C bus, at least most of the time, and sits behind a gate
15 that has to be operated before the device can be accessed.
20 These constructs are represented as I2C adapter trees by Linux, where
21 each adapter has a parent adapter (except the root adapter) and zero or
22 more child adapters. The root adapter is the actual adapter that issues
23 I2C transfers, and all adapters with a parent are part of an "i2c-mux"
24 object (quoted, since it can also be an arbitrator or a gate).
26 Depending of the particular mux driver, something happens when there is
27 an I2C transfer on one of its child adapters. The mux driver can
28 obviously operate a mux, but it can also do arbitration with an external
29 bus master or open a gate. The mux driver has two operations for this,
30 select and deselect. select is called before the transfer and (the
31 optional) deselect is called after the transfer.
37 There are two variants of locking available to I2C muxes, they can be
38 mux-locked or parent-locked muxes. As is evident from below, it can be
39 useful to know if a mux is mux-locked or if it is parent-locked. The
40 following list was correct at the time of writing:
42 In drivers/i2c/muxes/:
44 ====================== =============================================
45 i2c-arb-gpio-challenge Parent-locked
46 i2c-mux-gpio Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
47 all involved gpio pins are controlled by the
48 same I2C root adapter that they mux.
49 i2c-mux-gpmux Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
50 specified in device-tree.
51 i2c-mux-ltc4306 Mux-locked
52 i2c-mux-mlxcpld Parent-locked
53 i2c-mux-pca9541 Parent-locked
54 i2c-mux-pca954x Parent-locked
55 i2c-mux-pinctrl Normally parent-locked, mux-locked iff
56 all involved pinctrl devices are controlled
57 by the same I2C root adapter that they mux.
58 i2c-mux-reg Parent-locked
59 ====================== =============================================
63 ====================== =============================================
64 gyro/mpu3050 Mux-locked
65 imu/inv_mpu6050/ Mux-locked
66 ====================== =============================================
70 ======================= =============================================
71 dvb-frontends/lgdt3306a Mux-locked
72 dvb-frontends/m88ds3103 Parent-locked
73 dvb-frontends/rtl2830 Parent-locked
74 dvb-frontends/rtl2832 Mux-locked
75 dvb-frontends/si2168 Mux-locked
76 usb/cx231xx/ Parent-locked
77 ======================= =============================================
83 Mux-locked muxes does not lock the entire parent adapter during the
84 full select-transfer-deselect transaction, only the muxes on the parent
85 adapter are locked. Mux-locked muxes are mostly interesting if the
86 select and/or deselect operations must use I2C transfers to complete
87 their tasks. Since the parent adapter is not fully locked during the
88 full transaction, unrelated I2C transfers may interleave the different
89 stages of the transaction. This has the benefit that the mux driver
90 may be easier and cleaner to implement, but it has some caveats.
92 ==== =====================================================================
93 ML1. If you build a topology with a mux-locked mux being the parent
94 of a parent-locked mux, this might break the expectation from the
95 parent-locked mux that the root adapter is locked during the
98 ML2. It is not safe to build arbitrary topologies with two (or more)
99 mux-locked muxes that are not siblings, when there are address
100 collisions between the devices on the child adapters of these
103 I.e. the select-transfer-deselect transaction targeting e.g. device
104 address 0x42 behind mux-one may be interleaved with a similar
105 operation targeting device address 0x42 behind mux-two. The
106 intension with such a topology would in this hypothetical example
107 be that mux-one and mux-two should not be selected simultaneously,
108 but mux-locked muxes do not guarantee that in all topologies.
110 ML3. A mux-locked mux cannot be used by a driver for auto-closing
111 gates/muxes, i.e. something that closes automatically after a given
112 number (one, in most cases) of I2C transfers. Unrelated I2C transfers
113 may creep in and close prematurely.
115 ML4. If any non-I2C operation in the mux driver changes the I2C mux state,
116 the driver has to lock the root adapter during that operation.
117 Otherwise garbage may appear on the bus as seen from devices
118 behind the mux, when an unrelated I2C transfer is in flight during
119 the non-I2C mux-changing operation.
120 ==== =====================================================================
129 .----------. .--------.
130 .--------. | mux- |-----| dev D1 |
131 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
132 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
133 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
134 | .--------. '--------'
138 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
140 1. Someone issues an I2C transfer to D1.
141 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
142 3. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
143 4. M1 (presumably) does some I2C transfers as part of its select.
144 These transfers are normal I2C transfers that locks the parent
146 5. M1 feeds the I2C transfer from step 1 to its parent adapter as a
147 normal I2C transfer that locks the parent adapter.
148 6. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
149 7. Same rules as in step 4, but for ->deselect.
150 8. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
152 This means that accesses to D2 are lockout out for the full duration
153 of the entire operation. But accesses to D3 are possibly interleaved
160 Parent-locked muxes lock the parent adapter during the full select-
161 transfer-deselect transaction. The implication is that the mux driver
162 has to ensure that any and all I2C transfers through that parent
163 adapter during the transaction are unlocked I2C transfers (using e.g.
164 __i2c_transfer), or a deadlock will follow. There are a couple of
167 ==== ====================================================================
168 PL1. If you build a topology with a parent-locked mux being the child
169 of another mux, this might break a possible assumption from the
170 child mux that the root adapter is unused between its select op
171 and the actual transfer (e.g. if the child mux is auto-closing
172 and the parent mux issues I2C transfers as part of its select).
173 This is especially the case if the parent mux is mux-locked, but
174 it may also happen if the parent mux is parent-locked.
176 PL2. If select/deselect calls out to other subsystems such as gpio,
177 pinctrl, regmap or iio, it is essential that any I2C transfers
178 caused by these subsystems are unlocked. This can be convoluted to
179 accomplish, maybe even impossible if an acceptably clean solution
181 ==== ====================================================================
184 Parent-locked Example
185 ---------------------
189 .----------. .--------.
190 .--------. | parent- |-----| dev D1 |
191 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
192 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. .--------.
193 | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
194 | .--------. '--------'
198 When there is an access to D1, this happens:
200 1. Someone issues an I2C transfer to D1.
201 2. M1 locks muxes on its parent (the root adapter in this case).
202 3. M1 locks its parent adapter.
203 4. M1 calls ->select to ready the mux.
204 5. If M1 does any I2C transfers (on this root adapter) as part of
205 its select, those transfers must be unlocked I2C transfers so
206 that they do not deadlock the root adapter.
207 6. M1 feeds the I2C transfer from step 1 to the root adapter as an
208 unlocked I2C transfer, so that it does not deadlock the parent
210 7. M1 calls ->deselect, if it has one.
211 8. Same rules as in step 5, but for ->deselect.
212 9. M1 unlocks its parent adapter.
213 10. M1 unlocks muxes on its parent.
216 This means that accesses to both D2 and D3 are locked out for the full
217 duration of the entire operation.
223 Parent-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
224 ------------------------------------------------
226 This is a useful topology, but it can be bad::
228 .----------. .----------. .--------.
229 .--------. | parent- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
230 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
231 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
232 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
233 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
234 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
235 '--------' '--------'
237 When any device is accessed, all other devices are locked out for
238 the full duration of the operation (both muxes lock their parent,
239 and specifically when M2 requests its parent to lock, M1 passes
240 the buck to the root adapter).
242 This topology is bad if M2 is an auto-closing mux and M1->select
243 issues any unlocked I2C transfers on the root adapter that may leak
244 through and be seen by the M2 adapter, thus closing M2 prematurely.
247 Mux-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
248 ------------------------------------------
250 This is a good topology::
252 .----------. .----------. .--------.
253 .--------. | mux- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
254 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
255 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
256 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
257 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
258 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
259 '--------' '--------'
261 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the
262 full duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
263 are locked). But accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
264 any point. Accesses to D3 locks out D1 and D2, but accesses to D4
265 are still possibly interleaved.
268 Mux-locked mux as parent of parent-locked mux
269 ---------------------------------------------
271 This is probably a bad topology::
273 .----------. .----------. .--------.
274 .--------. | mux- |-----| parent- |-----| dev D1 |
275 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
276 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
277 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
278 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
279 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
280 '--------' '--------'
282 When device D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 and D3 are locked out
283 for the full duration of the operation (M1 locks child muxes on the
284 root adapter). But accesses to D4 are possibly interleaved at any
287 This kind of topology is generally not suitable and should probably
288 be avoided. The reason is that M2 probably assumes that there will
289 be no I2C transfers during its calls to ->select and ->deselect, and
290 if there are, any such transfers might appear on the slave side of M2
291 as partial I2C transfers, i.e. garbage or worse. This might cause
292 device lockups and/or other problems.
294 The topology is especially troublesome if M2 is an auto-closing
295 mux. In that case, any interleaved accesses to D4 might close M2
296 prematurely, as might any I2C transfers part of M1->select.
298 But if M2 is not making the above stated assumption, and if M2 is not
299 auto-closing, the topology is fine.
302 Parent-locked mux as parent of mux-locked mux
303 ---------------------------------------------
305 This is a good topology::
307 .----------. .----------. .--------.
308 .--------. | parent- |-----| mux- |-----| dev D1 |
309 | root |--+--| locked | | locked | '--------'
310 '--------' | | mux M1 |--. | mux M2 |--. .--------.
311 | '----------' | '----------' '--| dev D2 |
312 | .--------. | .--------. '--------'
313 '--| dev D4 | '--| dev D3 |
314 '--------' '--------'
316 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2 are locked out for the full
317 duration of the operation (muxes on the top child adapter of M1
318 are locked). Accesses to D3 and D4 are possibly interleaved at
319 any point, just as is expected for mux-locked muxes.
321 When D3 or D4 are accessed, everything else is locked out. For D3
322 accesses, M1 locks the root adapter. For D4 accesses, the root
323 adapter is locked directly.
326 Two mux-locked sibling muxes
327 ----------------------------
329 This is a good topology::
332 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
333 | mux- |--' '--------'
334 .--| locked | .--------.
335 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
336 | '----------' '--------'
337 | .----------. .--------.
338 .--------. | | mux- |-----| dev D3 |
339 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
340 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
341 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
342 | .--------. '--------'
346 When D1 is accessed, accesses to D2, D3 and D4 are locked out. But
347 accesses to D5 may be interleaved at any time.
350 Two parent-locked sibling muxes
351 -------------------------------
353 This is a good topology::
356 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
357 | parent- |--' '--------'
358 .--| locked | .--------.
359 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
360 | '----------' '--------'
361 | .----------. .--------.
362 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
363 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
364 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
365 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
366 | .--------. '--------'
370 When any device is accessed, accesses to all other devices are locked
374 Mux-locked and parent-locked sibling muxes
375 ------------------------------------------
377 This is a good topology::
380 .----------. .--| dev D1 |
381 | mux- |--' '--------'
382 .--| locked | .--------.
383 | | mux M1 |-----| dev D2 |
384 | '----------' '--------'
385 | .----------. .--------.
386 .--------. | | parent- |-----| dev D3 |
387 | root |--+--| locked | '--------'
388 '--------' | | mux M2 |--. .--------.
389 | '----------' '--| dev D4 |
390 | .--------. '--------'
394 When D1 or D2 are accessed, accesses to D3 and D4 are locked out while
395 accesses to D5 may interleave. When D3 or D4 are accessed, accesses to
396 all other devices are locked out.