1 Using gcov with the Linux kernel
2 ================================
9 6. Separated build and test machines
11 Appendix A: sample script: gather_on_build.sh
12 Appendix B: sample script: gather_on_test.sh
18 gcov profiling kernel support enables the use of GCC's coverage testing
19 tool gcov [1] with the Linux kernel. Coverage data of a running kernel
20 is exported in gcov-compatible format via the "gcov" debugfs directory.
21 To get coverage data for a specific file, change to the kernel build
22 directory and use gcov with the -o option as follows (requires root):
25 # gcov -o /sys/kernel/debug/gcov/tmp/linux-out/kernel spinlock.c
27 This will create source code files annotated with execution counts
28 in the current directory. In addition, graphical gcov front-ends such
29 as lcov [2] can be used to automate the process of collecting data
30 for the entire kernel and provide coverage overviews in HTML format.
34 * debugging (has this line been reached at all?)
35 * test improvement (how do I change my test to cover these lines?)
36 * minimizing kernel configurations (do I need this option if the
37 associated code is never run?)
41 [1] http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html
42 [2] http://ltp.sourceforge.net/coverage/lcov.php
48 Configure the kernel with:
53 and to get coverage data for the entire kernel:
55 CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL=y
57 Note that kernels compiled with profiling flags will be significantly
58 larger and run slower. Also CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL may not be supported
61 Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been
64 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
70 To enable profiling for specific files or directories, add a line
71 similar to the following to the respective kernel Makefile:
73 For a single file (e.g. main.o):
74 GCOV_PROFILE_main.o := y
76 For all files in one directory:
79 To exclude files from being profiled even when CONFIG_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL
82 GCOV_PROFILE_main.o := n
86 Only files which are linked to the main kernel image or are compiled as
87 kernel modules are supported by this mechanism.
93 The gcov kernel support creates the following files in debugfs:
95 /sys/kernel/debug/gcov
96 Parent directory for all gcov-related files.
98 /sys/kernel/debug/gcov/reset
99 Global reset file: resets all coverage data to zero when
102 /sys/kernel/debug/gcov/path/to/compile/dir/file.gcda
103 The actual gcov data file as understood by the gcov
104 tool. Resets file coverage data to zero when written to.
106 /sys/kernel/debug/gcov/path/to/compile/dir/file.gcno
107 Symbolic link to a static data file required by the gcov
108 tool. This file is generated by gcc when compiling with
109 option -ftest-coverage.
115 Kernel modules may contain cleanup code which is only run during
116 module unload time. The gcov mechanism provides a means to collect
117 coverage data for such code by keeping a copy of the data associated
118 with the unloaded module. This data remains available through debugfs.
119 Once the module is loaded again, the associated coverage counters are
120 initialized with the data from its previous instantiation.
122 This behavior can be deactivated by specifying the gcov_persist kernel
127 At run-time, a user can also choose to discard data for an unloaded
128 module by writing to its data file or the global reset file.
131 6. Separated build and test machines
132 ====================================
134 The gcov kernel profiling infrastructure is designed to work out-of-the
135 box for setups where kernels are built and run on the same machine. In
136 cases where the kernel runs on a separate machine, special preparations
137 must be made, depending on where the gcov tool is used:
139 a) gcov is run on the TEST machine
141 The gcov tool version on the test machine must be compatible with the
142 gcc version used for kernel build. Also the following files need to be
143 copied from build to test machine:
145 from the source tree:
146 - all C source files + headers
149 - all C source files + headers
150 - all .gcda and .gcno files
151 - all links to directories
153 It is important to note that these files need to be placed into the
154 exact same file system location on the test machine as on the build
155 machine. If any of the path components is symbolic link, the actual
156 directory needs to be used instead (due to make's CURDIR handling).
158 b) gcov is run on the BUILD machine
160 The following files need to be copied after each test case from test
163 from the gcov directory in sysfs:
165 - all links to .gcno files
167 These files can be copied to any location on the build machine. gcov
168 must then be called with the -o option pointing to that directory.
170 Example directory setup on the build machine:
172 /tmp/linux: kernel source tree
173 /tmp/out: kernel build directory as specified by make O=
174 /tmp/coverage: location of the files copied from the test machine
176 [user@build] cd /tmp/out
177 [user@build] gcov -o /tmp/coverage/tmp/out/init main.c
183 Problem: Compilation aborts during linker step.
184 Cause: Profiling flags are specified for source files which are not
185 linked to the main kernel or which are linked by a custom
187 Solution: Exclude affected source files from profiling by specifying
188 GCOV_PROFILE := n or GCOV_PROFILE_basename.o := n in the
189 corresponding Makefile.
191 Problem: Files copied from sysfs appear empty or incomplete.
192 Cause: Due to the way seq_file works, some tools such as cp or tar
193 may not correctly copy files from sysfs.
194 Solution: Use 'cat' to read .gcda files and 'cp -d' to copy links.
195 Alternatively use the mechanism shown in Appendix B.
198 Appendix A: gather_on_build.sh
199 ==============================
201 Sample script to gather coverage meta files on the build machine
209 if [ -z "$KSRC" ] || [ -z "$KOBJ" ] || [ -z "$DEST" ]; then
210 echo "Usage: $0 <ksrc directory> <kobj directory> <output.tar.gz>" >&2
214 KSRC=$(cd $KSRC; printf "all:\n\t@echo \${CURDIR}\n" | make -f -)
215 KOBJ=$(cd $KOBJ; printf "all:\n\t@echo \${CURDIR}\n" | make -f -)
217 find $KSRC $KOBJ \( -name '*.gcno' -o -name '*.[ch]' -o -type l \) -a \
218 -perm /u+r,g+r | tar cfz $DEST -P -T -
220 if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then
221 echo "$DEST successfully created, copy to test system and unpack with:"
222 echo " tar xfz $DEST -P"
224 echo "Could not create file $DEST"
228 Appendix B: gather_on_test.sh
229 =============================
231 Sample script to gather coverage data files on the test machine
237 GCDA=/sys/kernel/debug/gcov
239 if [ -z "$DEST" ] ; then
240 echo "Usage: $0 <output.tar.gz>" >&2
245 echo Collecting data..
246 find $GCDA -type d -exec mkdir -p $TEMPDIR/\{\} \;
247 find $GCDA -name '*.gcda' -exec sh -c 'cat < $0 > '$TEMPDIR'/$0' {} \;
248 find $GCDA -name '*.gcno' -exec sh -c 'cp -d $0 '$TEMPDIR'/$0' {} \;
249 tar czf $DEST -C $TEMPDIR sys
252 echo "$DEST successfully created, copy to build system and unpack with:"
253 echo " tar xfz $DEST"