1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 The qnx6fs is used by newer QNX operating system versions. (e.g. Neutrino)
8 It got introduced in QNX 6.4.0 and is used default since 6.4.1.
13 mmi_fs Mount filesystem as used for example by Audi MMI 3G system
18 qnx6fs shares many properties with traditional Unix filesystems. It has the
19 concepts of blocks, inodes and directories.
21 On QNX it is possible to create little endian and big endian qnx6 filesystems.
22 This feature makes it possible to create and use a different endianness fs
23 for the target (QNX is used on quite a range of embedded systems) platform
24 running on a different endianness.
26 The Linux driver handles endianness transparently. (LE and BE)
31 The space in the device or file is split up into blocks. These are a fixed
32 size of 512, 1024, 2048 or 4096, which is decided when the filesystem is
35 Blockpointers are 32bit, so the maximum space that can be addressed is
36 2^32 * 4096 bytes or 16TB
41 The superblock contains all global information about the filesystem.
42 Each qnx6fs got two superblocks, each one having a 64bit serial number.
43 That serial number is used to identify the "active" superblock.
44 In write mode with reach new snapshot (after each synchronous write), the
45 serial of the new master superblock is increased (old superblock serial + 1)
47 So basically the snapshot functionality is realized by an atomic final
48 update of the serial number. Before updating that serial, all modifications
49 are done by copying all modified blocks during that specific write request
50 (or period) and building up a new (stable) filesystem structure under the
53 Each superblock holds a set of root inodes for the different filesystem
54 parts. (Inode, Bitmap and Longfilenames)
55 Each of these root nodes holds information like total size of the stored
56 data and the addressing levels in that specific tree.
57 If the level value is 0, up to 16 direct blocks can be addressed by each
60 Level 1 adds an additional indirect addressing level where each indirect
61 addressing block holds up to blocksize / 4 bytes pointers to data blocks.
62 Level 2 adds an additional indirect addressing block level (so, already up
63 to 16 * 256 * 256 = 1048576 blocks that can be addressed by such a tree).
65 Unused block pointers are always set to ~0 - regardless of root node,
66 indirect addressing blocks or inodes.
68 Data leaves are always on the lowest level. So no data is stored on upper
71 The first Superblock is located at 0x2000. (0x2000 is the bootblock size)
72 The Audi MMI 3G first superblock directly starts at byte 0.
74 Second superblock position can either be calculated from the superblock
75 information (total number of filesystem blocks) or by taking the highest
76 device address, zeroing the last 3 bytes and then subtracting 0x1000 from
79 0x1000 is the size reserved for each superblock - regardless of the
80 blocksize of the filesystem.
85 Each object in the filesystem is represented by an inode. (index node)
86 The inode structure contains pointers to the filesystem blocks which contain
87 the data held in the object and all of the metadata about an object except
88 its longname. (filenames longer than 27 characters)
89 The metadata about an object includes the permissions, owner, group, flags,
90 size, number of blocks used, access time, change time and modification time.
92 Object mode field is POSIX format. (which makes things easier)
94 There are also pointers to the first 16 blocks, if the object data can be
95 addressed with 16 direct blocks.
97 For more than 16 blocks an indirect addressing in form of another tree is
98 used. (scheme is the same as the one used for the superblock root nodes)
100 The filesize is stored 64bit. Inode counting starts with 1. (while long
101 filename inodes start with 0)
106 A directory is a filesystem object and has an inode just like a file.
107 It is a specially formatted file containing records which associate each
108 name with an inode number.
110 '.' inode number points to the directory inode
112 '..' inode number points to the parent directory inode
114 Eeach filename record additionally got a filename length field.
116 One special case are long filenames or subdirectory names.
118 These got set a filename length field of 0xff in the corresponding directory
119 record plus the longfile inode number also stored in that record.
121 With that longfilename inode number, the longfilename tree can be walked
122 starting with the superblock longfilename root node pointers.
127 Symbolic links are also filesystem objects with inodes. They got a specific
128 bit in the inode mode field identifying them as symbolic link.
130 The directory entry file inode pointer points to the target file inode.
132 Hard links got an inode, a directory entry, but a specific mode bit set,
133 no block pointers and the directory file record pointing to the target file
136 Character and block special devices do not exist in QNX as those files
137 are handled by the QNX kernel/drivers and created in /dev independent of the
138 underlaying filesystem.
143 Long filenames are stored in a separate addressing tree. The staring point
144 is the longfilename root node in the active superblock.
146 Each data block (tree leaves) holds one long filename. That filename is
147 limited to 510 bytes. The first two starting bytes are used as length field
148 for the actual filename.
150 If that structure shall fit for all allowed blocksizes, it is clear why there
151 is a limit of 510 bytes for the actual filename stored.
156 The qnx6fs filesystem allocation bitmap is stored in a tree under bitmap
157 root node in the superblock and each bit in the bitmap represents one
160 The first block is block 0, which starts 0x1000 after superblock start.
161 So for a normal qnx6fs 0x3000 (bootblock + superblock) is the physical
162 address at which block 0 is located.
164 Bits at the end of the last bitmap block are set to 1, if the device is
165 smaller than addressing space in the bitmap.
170 The bitmap itself is divided into three parts.
172 First the system area, that is split into two halves.
176 The requirement for a static, fixed preallocated system area comes from how
177 qnx6fs deals with writes.
179 Each superblock got its own half of the system area. So superblock #1
180 always uses blocks from the lower half while superblock #2 just writes to
181 blocks represented by the upper half bitmap system area bits.
183 Bitmap blocks, Inode blocks and indirect addressing blocks for those two
184 tree structures are treated as system blocks.
186 The rational behind that is that a write request can work on a new snapshot
187 (system area of the inactive - resp. lower serial numbered superblock) while
188 at the same time there is still a complete stable filesystem structure in the
189 other half of the system area.
191 When finished with writing (a sync write is completed, the maximum sync leap
192 time or a filesystem sync is requested), serial of the previously inactive
193 superblock atomically is increased and the fs switches over to that - then
194 stable declared - superblock.
196 For all data outside the system area, blocks are just copied while writing.