1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 NILFS2 is a log-structured file system (LFS) supporting continuous
8 snapshotting. In addition to versioning capability of the entire file
9 system, users can even restore files mistakenly overwritten or
10 destroyed just a few seconds ago. Since NILFS2 can keep consistency
11 like conventional LFS, it achieves quick recovery after system
14 NILFS2 creates a number of checkpoints every few seconds or per
15 synchronous write basis (unless there is no change). Users can select
16 significant versions among continuously created checkpoints, and can
17 change them into snapshots which will be preserved until they are
18 changed back to checkpoints.
20 There is no limit on the number of snapshots until the volume gets
21 full. Each snapshot is mountable as a read-only file system
22 concurrently with its writable mount, and this feature is convenient
25 The userland tools are included in nilfs-utils package, which is
26 available from the following download page. At least "mkfs.nilfs2",
27 "mount.nilfs2", "umount.nilfs2", and "nilfs_cleanerd" (so called
28 cleaner or garbage collector) are required. Details on the tools are
29 described in the man pages included in the package.
31 :Project web page: https://nilfs.sourceforge.io/
32 :Download page: https://nilfs.sourceforge.io/en/download.html
33 :List info: http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-nilfs
38 Features which NILFS2 does not support yet:
50 NILFS2 supports the following mount options:
53 ======================= =======================================================
54 barrier(*) This enables/disables the use of write barriers. This
55 nobarrier requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and
56 if nilfs gets an error on a barrier write, it will
57 disable again with a warning.
58 errors=continue Keep going on a filesystem error.
59 errors=remount-ro(*) Remount the filesystem read-only on an error.
60 errors=panic Panic and halt the machine if an error occurs.
61 cp=n Specify the checkpoint-number of the snapshot to be
62 mounted. Checkpoints and snapshots are listed by lscp
63 user command. Only the checkpoints marked as snapshot
64 are mountable with this option. Snapshot is read-only,
65 so a read-only mount option must be specified together.
66 order=relaxed(*) Apply relaxed order semantics that allows modified data
67 blocks to be written to disk without making a
68 checkpoint if no metadata update is going. This mode
69 is equivalent to the ordered data mode of the ext3
70 filesystem except for the updates on data blocks still
71 conserve atomicity. This will improve synchronous
72 write performance for overwriting.
73 order=strict Apply strict in-order semantics that preserves sequence
74 of all file operations including overwriting of data
75 blocks. That means, it is guaranteed that no
76 overtaking of events occurs in the recovered file
78 norecovery Disable recovery of the filesystem on mount.
79 This disables every write access on the device for
80 read-only mounts or snapshots. This option will fail
81 for r/w mounts on an unclean volume.
82 discard This enables/disables the use of discard/TRIM commands.
83 nodiscard(*) The discard/TRIM commands are sent to the underlying
84 block device when blocks are freed. This is useful
85 for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.
86 ======================= =======================================================
91 There is some NILFS2 specific functionality which can be accessed by applications
92 through the system call interfaces. The list of all NILFS2 specific ioctls are
93 shown in the table below.
95 Table of NILFS2 specific ioctls:
97 ============================== ===============================================
99 ============================== ===============================================
100 NILFS_IOCTL_CHANGE_CPMODE Change mode of given checkpoint between
101 checkpoint and snapshot state. This ioctl is
102 used in chcp and mkcp utilities.
104 NILFS_IOCTL_DELETE_CHECKPOINT Remove checkpoint from NILFS2 file system.
105 This ioctl is used in rmcp utility.
107 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPINFO Return info about requested checkpoints. This
108 ioctl is used in lscp utility and by
109 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
111 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_CPSTAT Return checkpoints statistics. This ioctl is
112 used by lscp, rmcp utilities and by
113 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
115 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUINFO Return segment usage info about requested
116 segments. This ioctl is used in lssu,
117 nilfs_resize utilities and by nilfs_cleanerd
120 NILFS_IOCTL_SET_SUINFO Modify segment usage info of requested
121 segments. This ioctl is used by
122 nilfs_cleanerd daemon to skip unnecessary
123 cleaning operation of segments and reduce
124 performance penalty or wear of flash device
125 due to redundant move of in-use blocks.
127 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_SUSTAT Return segment usage statistics. This ioctl
128 is used in lssu, nilfs_resize utilities and
129 by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
131 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_VINFO Return information on virtual block addresses.
132 This ioctl is used by nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
134 NILFS_IOCTL_GET_BDESCS Return information about descriptors of disk
135 block numbers. This ioctl is used by
136 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
138 NILFS_IOCTL_CLEAN_SEGMENTS Do garbage collection operation in the
139 environment of requested parameters from
140 userspace. This ioctl is used by
141 nilfs_cleanerd daemon.
143 NILFS_IOCTL_SYNC Make a checkpoint. This ioctl is used in
146 NILFS_IOCTL_RESIZE Resize NILFS2 volume. This ioctl is used
147 by nilfs_resize utility.
149 NILFS_IOCTL_SET_ALLOC_RANGE Define lower limit of segments in bytes and
150 upper limit of segments in bytes. This ioctl
151 is used by nilfs_resize utility.
152 ============================== ===============================================
157 To use nilfs2 as a local file system, simply::
159 # mkfs -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device
160 # mount -t nilfs2 /dev/block_device /dir
162 This will also invoke the cleaner through the mount helper program
165 Checkpoints and snapshots are managed by the following commands.
166 Their manpages are included in the nilfs-utils package above.
168 ==== ===========================================================
169 lscp list checkpoints or snapshots.
170 mkcp make a checkpoint or a snapshot.
171 chcp change an existing checkpoint to a snapshot or vice versa.
172 rmcp invalidate specified checkpoint(s).
173 ==== ===========================================================
175 To mount a snapshot::
177 # mount -t nilfs2 -r -o cp=<cno> /dev/block_device /snap_dir
179 where <cno> is the checkpoint number of the snapshot.
181 To unmount the NILFS2 mount point or snapshot, simply::
185 Then, the cleaner daemon is automatically shut down by the umount
186 helper program (umount.nilfs2).
191 A nilfs2 volume is equally divided into a number of segments except
192 for the super block (SB) and segment #0. A segment is the container
193 of logs. Each log is composed of summary information blocks, payload
194 blocks, and an optional super root block (SR)::
196 ______________________________________________________
197 | |SB| | Segment | Segment | Segment | ... | Segment | |
198 |_|__|_|____0____|____1____|____2____|_____|____N____|_|
199 0 +1K +4K +8M +16M +24M +(8MB x N)
200 . . (Typical offsets for 4KB-block)
202 .______________________.
203 | log | log |... | log |
204 |__1__|__2__|____|__m__|
208 .______________________________.
209 | Summary | Payload blocks |SR|
210 |_blocks__|_________________|__|
212 The payload blocks are organized per file, and each file consists of
213 data blocks and B-tree node blocks::
215 |<--- File-A --->|<--- File-B --->|
216 _______________________________________________________________
217 | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | Data blocks | B-tree blocks | ...
218 _|_____________|_______________|_____________|_______________|_
221 Since only the modified blocks are written in the log, it may have
222 files without data blocks or B-tree node blocks.
224 The organization of the blocks is recorded in the summary information
225 blocks, which contains a header structure (nilfs_segment_summary), per
226 file structures (nilfs_finfo), and per block structures (nilfs_binfo)::
228 _________________________________________________________________________
229 | Summary | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo | finfo | binfo | ... | binfo |...
230 |_blocks__|___A___|_(A,1)_|_____|(A,Na)_|___B___|_(B,1)_|_____|(B,Nb)_|___
233 The logs include regular files, directory files, symbolic link files
234 and several meta data files. The mata data files are the files used
235 to maintain file system meta data. The current version of NILFS2 uses
236 the following meta data files::
238 1) Inode file (ifile) -- Stores on-disk inodes
239 2) Checkpoint file (cpfile) -- Stores checkpoints
240 3) Segment usage file (sufile) -- Stores allocation state of segments
241 4) Data address translation file -- Maps virtual block numbers to usual
242 (DAT) block numbers. This file serves to
243 make on-disk blocks relocatable.
245 The following figure shows a typical organization of the logs::
247 _________________________________________________________________________
248 | Summary | regular file | file | ... | ifile | cpfile | sufile | DAT |SR|
249 |_blocks__|_or_directory_|_______|_____|_______|________|________|_____|__|
252 To stride over segment boundaries, this sequence of files may be split
253 into multiple logs. The sequence of logs that should be treated as
254 logically one log, is delimited with flags marked in the segment
255 summary. The recovery code of nilfs2 looks this boundary information
256 to ensure atomicity of updates.
258 The super root block is inserted for every checkpoints. It includes
259 three special inodes, inodes for the DAT, cpfile, and sufile. Inodes
260 of regular files, directories, symlinks and other special files, are
261 included in the ifile. The inode of ifile itself is included in the
262 corresponding checkpoint entry in the cpfile. Thus, the hierarchy
263 among NILFS2 files can be depicted as follows::
268 Super root block (the latest cno=xx)
273 |-- ifile (cno=c2) ---- file (ino=i1)
274 : : |-- file (ino=i2)
275 `-- ifile (cno=xx) |-- file (ino=i3)
278 ( regular file, directory, or symlink )
280 For detail on the format of each file, please see nilfs2_ondisk.h
281 located at include/uapi/linux directory.
283 There are no patents or other intellectual property that we protect
284 with regard to the design of NILFS2. It is allowed to replicate the
285 design in hopes that other operating systems could share (mount, read,
286 write, etc.) data stored in this format.