5 The text below describes the locking rules for VFS-related methods.
6 It is (believed to be) up-to-date. *Please*, if you change anything in
7 prototypes or locking protocols - update this file. And update the relevant
8 instances in the tree, don't leave that to maintainers of filesystems/devices/
9 etc. At the very least, put the list of dubious cases in the end of this file.
10 Don't turn it into log - maintainers of out-of-the-tree code are supposed to
11 be able to use diff(1).
13 Thing currently missing here: socket operations. Alexey?
20 int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
21 int (*d_weak_revalidate)(struct dentry *, unsigned int);
22 int (*d_hash)(const struct dentry *, struct qstr *);
23 int (*d_compare)(const struct dentry *,
24 unsigned int, const char *, const struct qstr *);
25 int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *);
26 int (*d_init)(struct dentry *);
27 void (*d_release)(struct dentry *);
28 void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *);
29 char *(*d_dname)((struct dentry *dentry, char *buffer, int buflen);
30 struct vfsmount *(*d_automount)(struct path *path);
31 int (*d_manage)(const struct path *, bool);
32 struct dentry *(*d_real)(struct dentry *, const struct inode *);
36 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
37 ops rename_lock ->d_lock may block rcu-walk
38 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
39 d_revalidate: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
40 d_weak_revalidate: no no yes no
42 d_compare: yes no no maybe
43 d_delete: no yes no no
45 d_release: no no yes no
49 d_automount: no no yes no
50 d_manage: no no yes (ref-walk) maybe
52 ================== =========== ======== ============== ========
59 int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t, bool);
60 struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, unsigned int);
61 int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *);
62 int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
63 int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *);
64 int (*mkdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t);
65 int (*rmdir) (struct inode *,struct dentry *);
66 int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,umode_t,dev_t);
67 int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *,
68 struct inode *, struct dentry *, unsigned int);
69 int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int);
70 const char *(*get_link) (struct dentry *, struct inode *, struct delayed_call *);
71 void (*truncate) (struct inode *);
72 int (*permission) (struct inode *, int, unsigned int);
73 int (*get_acl)(struct inode *, int);
74 int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *);
75 int (*getattr) (const struct path *, struct kstat *, u32, unsigned int);
76 ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t);
77 int (*fiemap)(struct inode *, struct fiemap_extent_info *, u64 start, u64 len);
78 void (*update_time)(struct inode *, struct timespec *, int);
79 int (*atomic_open)(struct inode *, struct dentry *,
80 struct file *, unsigned open_flag,
82 int (*tmpfile) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, umode_t);
87 ============ =============================================
89 ============ =============================================
92 link: exclusive (both)
96 unlink: exclusive (both)
97 rmdir: exclusive (both)(see below)
98 rename: exclusive (all) (see below)
102 permission: no (may not block if called in rcu-walk mode)
108 atomic_open: shared (exclusive if O_CREAT is set in open flags)
110 ============ =============================================
113 Additionally, ->rmdir(), ->unlink() and ->rename() have ->i_rwsem
115 cross-directory ->rename() has (per-superblock) ->s_vfs_rename_sem.
117 See Documentation/filesystems/directory-locking.rst for more detailed discussion
118 of the locking scheme for directory operations.
120 xattr_handler operations
121 ========================
125 bool (*list)(struct dentry *dentry);
126 int (*get)(const struct xattr_handler *handler, struct dentry *dentry,
127 struct inode *inode, const char *name, void *buffer,
129 int (*set)(const struct xattr_handler *handler,
130 struct user_namespace *mnt_userns,
131 struct dentry *dentry, struct inode *inode, const char *name,
132 const void *buffer, size_t size, int flags);
150 struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb);
151 void (*free_inode)(struct inode *);
152 void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *);
153 void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *, int flags);
154 int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, struct writeback_control *wbc);
155 int (*drop_inode) (struct inode *);
156 void (*evict_inode) (struct inode *);
157 void (*put_super) (struct super_block *);
158 int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait);
159 int (*freeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
160 int (*unfreeze_fs) (struct super_block *);
161 int (*statfs) (struct dentry *, struct kstatfs *);
162 int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *);
163 void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *);
164 int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct dentry *);
165 ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t);
166 ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t);
167 int (*bdev_try_to_free_page)(struct super_block*, struct page*, gfp_t);
170 All may block [not true, see below]
172 ====================== ============ ========================
174 ====================== ============ ========================
176 free_inode: called from RCU callback
180 drop_inode: !!!inode->i_lock!!!
186 statfs: maybe(read) (see below)
189 show_options: no (namespace_sem)
190 quota_read: no (see below)
191 quota_write: no (see below)
192 bdev_try_to_free_page: no (see below)
193 ====================== ============ ========================
195 ->statfs() has s_umount (shared) when called by ustat(2) (native or
196 compat), but that's an accident of bad API; s_umount is used to pin
197 the superblock down when we only have dev_t given us by userland to
198 identify the superblock. Everything else (statfs(), fstatfs(), etc.)
199 doesn't hold it when calling ->statfs() - superblock is pinned down
200 by resolving the pathname passed to syscall.
202 ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() functions are both guaranteed to
203 be the only ones operating on the quota file by the quota code (via
204 dqio_sem) (unless an admin really wants to screw up something and
205 writes to quota files with quotas on). For other details about locking
206 see also dquot_operations section.
208 ->bdev_try_to_free_page is called from the ->releasepage handler of
209 the block device inode. See there for more details.
216 struct dentry *(*mount) (struct file_system_type *, int,
217 const char *, void *);
218 void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *);
229 ->mount() returns ERR_PTR or the root dentry; its superblock should be locked
232 ->kill_sb() takes a write-locked superblock, does all shutdown work on it,
233 unlocks and drops the reference.
235 address_space_operations
236 ========================
239 int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc);
240 int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *);
241 int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *);
242 int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page);
243 void (*readahead)(struct readahead_control *);
244 int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping,
245 struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages);
246 int (*write_begin)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
247 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
248 struct page **pagep, void **fsdata);
249 int (*write_end)(struct file *, struct address_space *mapping,
250 loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
251 struct page *page, void *fsdata);
252 sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t);
253 void (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned int, unsigned int);
254 int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
255 void (*freepage)(struct page *);
256 int (*direct_IO)(struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *iter);
257 bool (*isolate_page) (struct page *, isolate_mode_t);
258 int (*migratepage)(struct address_space *, struct page *, struct page *);
259 void (*putback_page) (struct page *);
260 int (*launder_page)(struct page *);
261 int (*is_partially_uptodate)(struct page *, unsigned long, unsigned long);
262 int (*error_remove_page)(struct address_space *, struct page *);
263 int (*swap_activate)(struct file *);
264 int (*swap_deactivate)(struct file *);
267 All except set_page_dirty and freepage may block
269 ====================== ======================== =========
270 ops PageLocked(page) i_rwsem
271 ====================== ======================== =========
272 writepage: yes, unlocks (see below)
273 readpage: yes, unlocks
276 readahead: yes, unlocks
278 write_begin: locks the page exclusive
279 write_end: yes, unlocks exclusive
286 migratepage: yes (both)
289 is_partially_uptodate: yes
290 error_remove_page: yes
293 ====================== ======================== =========
295 ->write_begin(), ->write_end() and ->readpage() may be called from
296 the request handler (/dev/loop).
298 ->readpage() unlocks the page, either synchronously or via I/O
301 ->readahead() unlocks the pages that I/O is attempted on like ->readpage().
303 ->readpages() populates the pagecache with the passed pages and starts
304 I/O against them. They come unlocked upon I/O completion.
306 ->writepage() is used for two purposes: for "memory cleansing" and for
307 "sync". These are quite different operations and the behaviour may differ
308 depending upon the mode.
310 If writepage is called for sync (wbc->sync_mode != WBC_SYNC_NONE) then
311 it *must* start I/O against the page, even if that would involve
312 blocking on in-progress I/O.
314 If writepage is called for memory cleansing (sync_mode ==
315 WBC_SYNC_NONE) then its role is to get as much writeout underway as
316 possible. So writepage should try to avoid blocking against
317 currently-in-progress I/O.
319 If the filesystem is not called for "sync" and it determines that it
320 would need to block against in-progress I/O to be able to start new I/O
321 against the page the filesystem should redirty the page with
322 redirty_page_for_writepage(), then unlock the page and return zero.
323 This may also be done to avoid internal deadlocks, but rarely.
325 If the filesystem is called for sync then it must wait on any
326 in-progress I/O and then start new I/O.
328 The filesystem should unlock the page synchronously, before returning to the
329 caller, unless ->writepage() returns special WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE
330 value. WRITEPAGE_ACTIVATE means that page cannot really be written out
331 currently, and VM should stop calling ->writepage() on this page for some
332 time. VM does this by moving page to the head of the active list, hence the
335 Unless the filesystem is going to redirty_page_for_writepage(), unlock the page
336 and return zero, writepage *must* run set_page_writeback() against the page,
337 followed by unlocking it. Once set_page_writeback() has been run against the
338 page, write I/O can be submitted and the write I/O completion handler must run
339 end_page_writeback() once the I/O is complete. If no I/O is submitted, the
340 filesystem must run end_page_writeback() against the page before returning from
343 That is: after 2.5.12, pages which are under writeout are *not* locked. Note,
344 if the filesystem needs the page to be locked during writeout, that is ok, too,
345 the page is allowed to be unlocked at any point in time between the calls to
346 set_page_writeback() and end_page_writeback().
348 Note, failure to run either redirty_page_for_writepage() or the combination of
349 set_page_writeback()/end_page_writeback() on a page submitted to writepage
350 will leave the page itself marked clean but it will be tagged as dirty in the
351 radix tree. This incoherency can lead to all sorts of hard-to-debug problems
352 in the filesystem like having dirty inodes at umount and losing written data.
354 ->writepages() is used for periodic writeback and for syscall-initiated
355 sync operations. The address_space should start I/O against at least
356 ``*nr_to_write`` pages. ``*nr_to_write`` must be decremented for each page
357 which is written. The address_space implementation may write more (or less)
358 pages than ``*nr_to_write`` asks for, but it should try to be reasonably close.
359 If nr_to_write is NULL, all dirty pages must be written.
361 writepages should _only_ write pages which are present on
364 ->set_page_dirty() is called from various places in the kernel
365 when the target page is marked as needing writeback. It may be called
366 under spinlock (it cannot block) and is sometimes called with the page
369 ->bmap() is currently used by legacy ioctl() (FIBMAP) provided by some
370 filesystems and by the swapper. The latter will eventually go away. Please,
371 keep it that way and don't breed new callers.
373 ->invalidatepage() is called when the filesystem must attempt to drop
374 some or all of the buffers from the page when it is being truncated. It
375 returns zero on success. If ->invalidatepage is zero, the kernel uses
376 block_invalidatepage() instead.
378 ->releasepage() is called when the kernel is about to try to drop the
379 buffers from the page in preparation for freeing it. It returns zero to
380 indicate that the buffers are (or may be) freeable. If ->releasepage is zero,
381 the kernel assumes that the fs has no private interest in the buffers.
383 ->freepage() is called when the kernel is done dropping the page
386 ->launder_page() may be called prior to releasing a page if
387 it is still found to be dirty. It returns zero if the page was successfully
388 cleaned, or an error value if not. Note that in order to prevent the page
389 getting mapped back in and redirtied, it needs to be kept locked
390 across the entire operation.
392 ->swap_activate will be called with a non-zero argument on
393 files backing (non block device backed) swapfiles. A return value
394 of zero indicates success, in which case this file can be used for
395 backing swapspace. The swapspace operations will be proxied to the
396 address space operations.
398 ->swap_deactivate() will be called in the sys_swapoff()
399 path after ->swap_activate() returned success.
406 void (*fl_copy_lock)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *);
407 void (*fl_release_private)(struct file_lock *);
412 =================== ============= =========
413 ops inode->i_lock may block
414 =================== ============= =========
416 fl_release_private: maybe maybe[1]_
417 =================== ============= =========
420 ->fl_release_private for flock or POSIX locks is currently allowed
421 to block. Leases however can still be freed while the i_lock is held and
422 so fl_release_private called on a lease should not block.
424 lock_manager_operations
425 =======================
429 void (*lm_notify)(struct file_lock *); /* unblock callback */
430 int (*lm_grant)(struct file_lock *, struct file_lock *, int);
431 void (*lm_break)(struct file_lock *); /* break_lease callback */
432 int (*lm_change)(struct file_lock **, int);
433 bool (*lm_breaker_owns_lease)(struct file_lock *);
437 ====================== ============= ================= =========
438 ops inode->i_lock blocked_lock_lock may block
439 ====================== ============= ================= =========
440 lm_notify: yes yes no
444 lm_breaker_owns_lease: no no no
445 ====================== ============= ================= =========
452 void (*b_end_io)(struct buffer_head *bh, int uptodate);
456 called from interrupts. In other words, extreme care is needed here.
457 bh is locked, but that's all warranties we have here. Currently only RAID1,
458 highmem, fs/buffer.c, and fs/ntfs/aops.c are providing these. Block devices
459 call this method upon the IO completion.
461 block_device_operations
462 =======================
465 int (*open) (struct block_device *, fmode_t);
466 int (*release) (struct gendisk *, fmode_t);
467 int (*ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
468 int (*compat_ioctl) (struct block_device *, fmode_t, unsigned, unsigned long);
469 int (*direct_access) (struct block_device *, sector_t, void **,
471 void (*unlock_native_capacity) (struct gendisk *);
472 int (*revalidate_disk) (struct gendisk *);
473 int (*getgeo)(struct block_device *, struct hd_geometry *);
474 void (*swap_slot_free_notify) (struct block_device *, unsigned long);
478 ======================= ===================
480 ======================= ===================
486 unlock_native_capacity: no
489 swap_slot_free_notify: no (see below)
490 ======================= ===================
492 swap_slot_free_notify is called with swap_lock and sometimes the page lock
501 loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
502 ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
503 ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
504 ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
505 ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
506 int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
507 int (*iterate_shared) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
508 __poll_t (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
509 long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
510 long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
511 int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
512 int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
513 int (*flush) (struct file *);
514 int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
515 int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync);
516 int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
517 int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
518 ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
520 ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long,
522 ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t,
524 ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t,
526 unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long,
527 unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
528 int (*check_flags)(int);
529 int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
530 ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *,
531 size_t, unsigned int);
532 ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *,
533 size_t, unsigned int);
534 int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
535 long (*fallocate)(struct file *, int, loff_t, loff_t);
540 ->llseek() locking has moved from llseek to the individual llseek
541 implementations. If your fs is not using generic_file_llseek, you
542 need to acquire and release the appropriate locks in your ->llseek().
543 For many filesystems, it is probably safe to acquire the inode
544 mutex or just to use i_size_read() instead.
545 Note: this does not protect the file->f_pos against concurrent modifications
546 since this is something the userspace has to take care about.
548 ->iterate() is called with i_rwsem exclusive.
550 ->iterate_shared() is called with i_rwsem at least shared.
552 ->fasync() is responsible for maintaining the FASYNC bit in filp->f_flags.
553 Most instances call fasync_helper(), which does that maintenance, so it's
554 not normally something one needs to worry about. Return values > 0 will be
555 mapped to zero in the VFS layer.
557 ->readdir() and ->ioctl() on directories must be changed. Ideally we would
558 move ->readdir() to inode_operations and use a separate method for directory
559 ->ioctl() or kill the latter completely. One of the problems is that for
560 anything that resembles union-mount we won't have a struct file for all
561 components. And there are other reasons why the current interface is a mess...
563 ->read on directories probably must go away - we should just enforce -EISDIR
564 in sys_read() and friends.
566 ->setlease operations should call generic_setlease() before or after setting
567 the lease within the individual filesystem to record the result of the
575 int (*write_dquot) (struct dquot *);
576 int (*acquire_dquot) (struct dquot *);
577 int (*release_dquot) (struct dquot *);
578 int (*mark_dirty) (struct dquot *);
579 int (*write_info) (struct super_block *, int);
581 These operations are intended to be more or less wrapping functions that ensure
582 a proper locking wrt the filesystem and call the generic quota operations.
584 What filesystem should expect from the generic quota functions:
586 ============== ============ =========================
587 ops FS recursion Held locks when called
588 ============== ============ =========================
589 write_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
590 acquire_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
591 release_dquot: yes dqonoff_sem or dqptr_sem
593 write_info: yes dqonoff_sem
594 ============== ============ =========================
596 FS recursion means calling ->quota_read() and ->quota_write() from superblock
599 More details about quota locking can be found in fs/dquot.c.
606 void (*open)(struct vm_area_struct*);
607 void (*close)(struct vm_area_struct*);
608 vm_fault_t (*fault)(struct vm_area_struct*, struct vm_fault *);
609 vm_fault_t (*page_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
610 vm_fault_t (*pfn_mkwrite)(struct vm_area_struct *, struct vm_fault *);
611 int (*access)(struct vm_area_struct *, unsigned long, void*, int, int);
615 ============= ========= ===========================
616 ops mmap_lock PageLocked(page)
617 ============= ========= ===========================
620 fault: yes can return with page locked
622 page_mkwrite: yes can return with page locked
625 ============= ========= ===========================
627 ->fault() is called when a previously not present pte is about
628 to be faulted in. The filesystem must find and return the page associated
629 with the passed in "pgoff" in the vm_fault structure. If it is possible that
630 the page may be truncated and/or invalidated, then the filesystem must lock
631 the page, then ensure it is not already truncated (the page lock will block
632 subsequent truncate), and then return with VM_FAULT_LOCKED, and the page
633 locked. The VM will unlock the page.
635 ->map_pages() is called when VM asks to map easy accessible pages.
636 Filesystem should find and map pages associated with offsets from "start_pgoff"
637 till "end_pgoff". ->map_pages() is called with page table locked and must
638 not block. If it's not possible to reach a page without blocking,
639 filesystem should skip it. Filesystem should use do_set_pte() to setup
640 page table entry. Pointer to entry associated with the page is passed in
641 "pte" field in vm_fault structure. Pointers to entries for other offsets
642 should be calculated relative to "pte".
644 ->page_mkwrite() is called when a previously read-only pte is
645 about to become writeable. The filesystem again must ensure that there are
646 no truncate/invalidate races, and then return with the page locked. If
647 the page has been truncated, the filesystem should not look up a new page
648 like the ->fault() handler, but simply return with VM_FAULT_NOPAGE, which
649 will cause the VM to retry the fault.
651 ->pfn_mkwrite() is the same as page_mkwrite but when the pte is
652 VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP with a page-less entry. Expected return is
653 VM_FAULT_NOPAGE. Or one of the VM_FAULT_ERROR types. The default behavior
654 after this call is to make the pte read-write, unless pfn_mkwrite returns
657 ->access() is called when get_user_pages() fails in
658 access_process_vm(), typically used to debug a process through
659 /proc/pid/mem or ptrace. This function is needed only for
660 VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMAs.
662 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
666 (if you break something or notice that it is broken and do not fix it yourself
667 - at least put it here)