1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 The Contents of inode.i\_block
4 ------------------------------
6 Depending on the type of file an inode describes, the 60 bytes of
7 storage in ``inode.i_block`` can be used in different ways. In general,
8 regular files and directories will use it for file block indexing
9 information, and special files will use it for special purposes.
14 The target of a symbolic link will be stored in this field if the target
15 string is less than 60 bytes long. Otherwise, either extents or block
16 maps will be used to allocate data blocks to store the link target.
18 Direct/Indirect Block Addressing
19 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
21 In ext2/3, file block numbers were mapped to logical block numbers by
22 means of an (up to) three level 1-1 block map. To find the logical block
23 that stores a particular file block, the code would navigate through
24 this increasingly complicated structure. Notice that there is neither a
25 magic number nor a checksum to provide any level of confidence that the
26 block isn't full of garbage.
28 .. ifconfig:: builder != 'latex'
30 .. include:: blockmap.rst
32 .. ifconfig:: builder == 'latex'
34 [Table omitted because LaTeX doesn't support nested tables.]
36 Note that with this block mapping scheme, it is necessary to fill out a
37 lot of mapping data even for a large contiguous file! This inefficiency
38 led to the creation of the extent mapping scheme, discussed below.
40 Notice also that a file using this mapping scheme cannot be placed
41 higher than 2^32 blocks.
46 In ext4, the file to logical block map has been replaced with an extent
47 tree. Under the old scheme, allocating a contiguous run of 1,000 blocks
48 requires an indirect block to map all 1,000 entries; with extents, the
49 mapping is reduced to a single ``struct ext4_extent`` with
50 ``ee_len = 1000``. If flex\_bg is enabled, it is possible to allocate
51 very large files with a single extent, at a considerable reduction in
52 metadata block use, and some improvement in disk efficiency. The inode
53 must have the extents flag (0x80000) flag set for this feature to be in
56 Extents are arranged as a tree. Each node of the tree begins with a
57 ``struct ext4_extent_header``. If the node is an interior node
58 (``eh.eh_depth`` > 0), the header is followed by ``eh.eh_entries``
59 instances of ``struct ext4_extent_idx``; each of these index entries
60 points to a block containing more nodes in the extent tree. If the node
61 is a leaf node (``eh.eh_depth == 0``), then the header is followed by
62 ``eh.eh_entries`` instances of ``struct ext4_extent``; these instances
63 point to the file's data blocks. The root node of the extent tree is
64 stored in ``inode.i_block``, which allows for the first four extents to
65 be recorded without the use of extra metadata blocks.
67 The extent tree header is recorded in ``struct ext4_extent_header``,
68 which is 12 bytes long:
81 - Magic number, 0xF30A.
85 - Number of valid entries following the header.
89 - Maximum number of entries that could follow the header.
93 - Depth of this extent node in the extent tree. 0 = this extent node
94 points to data blocks; otherwise, this extent node points to other
95 extent nodes. The extent tree can be at most 5 levels deep: a logical
96 block number can be at most ``2^32``, and the smallest ``n`` that
97 satisfies ``4*(((blocksize - 12)/12)^n) >= 2^32`` is 5.
101 - Generation of the tree. (Used by Lustre, but not standard ext4).
103 Internal nodes of the extent tree, also known as index nodes, are
104 recorded as ``struct ext4_extent_idx``, and are 12 bytes long:
117 - This index node covers file blocks from 'block' onward.
121 - Lower 32-bits of the block number of the extent node that is the next
122 level lower in the tree. The tree node pointed to can be either another
123 internal node or a leaf node, described below.
127 - Upper 16-bits of the previous field.
133 Leaf nodes of the extent tree are recorded as ``struct ext4_extent``,
134 and are also 12 bytes long:
147 - First file block number that this extent covers.
151 - Number of blocks covered by extent. If the value of this field is <=
152 32768, the extent is initialized. If the value of the field is > 32768,
153 the extent is uninitialized and the actual extent length is ``ee_len`` -
154 32768. Therefore, the maximum length of a initialized extent is 32768
155 blocks, and the maximum length of an uninitialized extent is 32767.
159 - Upper 16-bits of the block number to which this extent points.
163 - Lower 32-bits of the block number to which this extent points.
165 Prior to the introduction of metadata checksums, the extent header +
166 extent entries always left at least 4 bytes of unallocated space at the
167 end of each extent tree data block (because (2^x % 12) >= 4). Therefore,
168 the 32-bit checksum is inserted into this space. The 4 extents in the
169 inode do not need checksumming, since the inode is already checksummed.
170 The checksum is calculated against the FS UUID, the inode number, the
171 inode generation, and the entire extent block leading up to (but not
172 including) the checksum itself.
174 ``struct ext4_extent_tail`` is 4 bytes long:
187 - Checksum of the extent block, crc32c(uuid+inum+igeneration+extentblock)
192 If the inline data feature is enabled for the filesystem and the flag is
193 set for the inode, it is possible that the first 60 bytes of the file
194 data are stored here.