1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ======================================
4 Enhanced Read-Only File System - EROFS
5 ======================================
10 EROFS file-system stands for Enhanced Read-Only File System. Different
11 from other read-only file systems, it aims to be designed for flexibility,
12 scalability, but be kept simple and high performance.
14 It is designed as a better filesystem solution for the following scenarios:
16 - read-only storage media or
18 - part of a fully trusted read-only solution, which means it needs to be
19 immutable and bit-for-bit identical to the official golden image for
20 their releases due to security and other considerations and
22 - hope to save some extra storage space with guaranteed end-to-end performance
23 by using reduced metadata and transparent file compression, especially
24 for those embedded devices with limited memory (ex, smartphone);
26 Here is the main features of EROFS:
28 - Little endian on-disk design;
30 - Currently 4KB block size (nobh) and therefore maximum 16TB address space;
32 - Metadata & data could be mixed by design;
34 - 2 inode versions for different requirements:
36 ===================== ============ =====================================
37 compact (v1) extended (v2)
38 ===================== ============ =====================================
39 Inode metadata size 32 bytes 64 bytes
40 Max file size 4 GB 16 EB (also limited by max. vol size)
41 Max uids/gids 65536 4294967296
42 File change time no yes (64 + 32-bit timestamp)
43 Max hardlinks 65536 4294967296
44 Metadata reserved 4 bytes 14 bytes
45 ===================== ============ =====================================
47 - Support extended attributes (xattrs) as an option;
49 - Support xattr inline and tail-end data inline for all files;
51 - Support POSIX.1e ACLs by using xattrs;
53 - Support transparent data compression as an option:
54 LZ4 algorithm with the fixed-sized output compression for high performance.
56 The following git tree provides the file system user-space tools under
57 development (ex, formatting tool mkfs.erofs):
59 - git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xiang/erofs-utils.git
61 Bugs and patches are welcome, please kindly help us and send to the following
62 linux-erofs mailing list:
64 - linux-erofs mailing list <linux-erofs@lists.ozlabs.org>
69 =================== =========================================================
70 (no)user_xattr Setup Extended User Attributes. Note: xattr is enabled
71 by default if CONFIG_EROFS_FS_XATTR is selected.
72 (no)acl Setup POSIX Access Control List. Note: acl is enabled
73 by default if CONFIG_EROFS_FS_POSIX_ACL is selected.
74 cache_strategy=%s Select a strategy for cached decompression from now on:
76 ========== =============================================
77 disabled In-place I/O decompression only;
78 readahead Cache the last incomplete compressed physical
79 cluster for further reading. It still does
80 in-place I/O decompression for the rest
81 compressed physical clusters;
82 readaround Cache the both ends of incomplete compressed
83 physical clusters for further reading.
84 It still does in-place I/O decompression
85 for the rest compressed physical clusters.
86 ========== =============================================
87 dax={always,never} Use direct access (no page cache). See
88 Documentation/filesystems/dax.rst.
89 dax A legacy option which is an alias for ``dax=always``.
90 =================== =========================================================
97 Different from other read-only file systems, an EROFS volume is designed
98 to be as simple as possible::
100 |-> aligned with the block size
101 ____________________________________________________________
102 | |SB| | ... | Metadata | ... | Data | Metadata | ... | Data |
103 |_|__|_|_____|__________|_____|______|__________|_____|______|
106 All data areas should be aligned with the block size, but metadata areas
107 may not. All metadatas can be now observed in two different spaces (views):
109 1. Inode metadata space
111 Each valid inode should be aligned with an inode slot, which is a fixed
112 value (32 bytes) and designed to be kept in line with compact inode size.
114 Each inode can be directly found with the following formula:
115 inode offset = meta_blkaddr * block_size + 32 * nid
121 + meta_blkaddr blocks |-> another slot
122 _____________________________________________________________________
123 | ... | inode | xattrs | extents | data inline | ... | inode ...
124 |________|_______|(optional)|(optional)|__(optional)_|_____|__________
125 |-> aligned with the inode slot size
132 .____________________________________________________|-> aligned with 4B
133 | xattr_ibody_header | shared xattrs | inline xattrs |
134 |____________________|_______________|_______________|
135 |-> 12 bytes <-|->x * 4 bytes<-| .
139 ._______________________________.______________________.
140 | id | id | id | id | ... | id | ent | ... | ent| ... |
141 |____|____|____|____|______|____|_____|_____|____|_____|
145 Inode could be 32 or 64 bytes, which can be distinguished from a common
146 field which all inode versions have -- i_format::
148 __________________ __________________
149 | i_format | | i_format |
150 |__________________| |__________________|
153 |__________________| 32 bytes | |
155 |__________________| 64 bytes
157 Xattrs, extents, data inline are followed by the corresponding inode with
158 proper alignment, and they could be optional for different data mappings.
159 _currently_ total 5 data layouts are supported:
161 == ====================================================================
162 0 flat file data without data inline (no extent);
163 1 fixed-sized output data compression (with non-compacted indexes);
164 2 flat file data with tail packing data inline (no extent);
165 3 fixed-sized output data compression (with compacted indexes, v5.3+);
166 4 chunk-based file (v5.15+).
167 == ====================================================================
169 The size of the optional xattrs is indicated by i_xattr_count in inode
170 header. Large xattrs or xattrs shared by many different files can be
171 stored in shared xattrs metadata rather than inlined right after inode.
173 2. Shared xattrs metadata space
175 Shared xattrs space is similar to the above inode space, started with
176 a specific block indicated by xattr_blkaddr, organized one by one with
179 Each share xattr can also be directly found by the following formula:
180 xattr offset = xattr_blkaddr * block_size + 4 * xattr_id
184 |-> aligned by 4 bytes
185 + xattr_blkaddr blocks |-> aligned with 4 bytes
186 _________________________________________________________________________
187 | ... | xattr_entry | xattr data | ... | xattr_entry | xattr data ...
188 |________|_____________|_____________|_____|______________|_______________
192 All directories are now organized in a compact on-disk format. Note that
193 each directory block is divided into index and name areas in order to support
194 random file lookup, and all directory entries are _strictly_ recorded in
195 alphabetical order in order to support improved prefix binary search
196 algorithm (could refer to the related source code).
200 ___________________________
202 / ______________|________________
203 / / | nameoff1 | nameoffN-1
204 ____________.______________._______________v________________v__________
205 | dirent | dirent | ... | dirent | filename | filename | ... | filename |
206 |___.0___|____1___|_____|___N-1__|____0_____|____1_____|_____|___N-1____|
210 \________________________| nameoff0
213 Note that apart from the offset of the first filename, nameoff0 also indicates
214 the total number of directory entries in this block since it is no need to
215 introduce another on-disk field at all.
219 In order to support chunk-based data deduplication, a new inode data layout has
220 been supported since Linux v5.15: Files are split in equal-sized data chunks
221 with ``extents`` area of the inode metadata indicating how to get the chunk
222 data: these can be simply as a 4-byte block address array or in the 8-byte
223 chunk index form (see struct erofs_inode_chunk_index in erofs_fs.h for more
226 By the way, chunk-based files are all uncompressed for now.
230 EROFS implements LZ4 fixed-sized output compression which generates fixed-sized
231 compressed data blocks from variable-sized input in contrast to other existing
232 fixed-sized input solutions. Relatively higher compression ratios can be gotten
233 by using fixed-sized output compression since nowadays popular data compression
234 algorithms are mostly LZ77-based and such fixed-sized output approach can be
235 benefited from the historical dictionary (aka. sliding window).
237 In details, original (uncompressed) data is turned into several variable-sized
238 extents and in the meanwhile, compressed into physical clusters (pclusters).
239 In order to record each variable-sized extent, logical clusters (lclusters) are
240 introduced as the basic unit of compress indexes to indicate whether a new
241 extent is generated within the range (HEAD) or not (NONHEAD). Lclusters are now
242 fixed in block size, as illustrated below::
244 |<- variable-sized extent ->|<- VLE ->|
245 clusterofs clusterofs clusterofs
247 _________v_________________________________v_______________________v________
248 ... | . | | . | | . ...
249 ____|____._________|______________|________.___ _|______________|__.________
250 |-> lcluster <-|-> lcluster <-|-> lcluster <-|-> lcluster <-|
251 (HEAD) (NONHEAD) (HEAD) (NONHEAD) .
255 _______._____________________________.______________._________________
257 _______|______________|______________|______________|_________________
258 |-> big pcluster <-|-> pcluster <-|
260 A physical cluster can be seen as a container of physical compressed blocks
261 which contains compressed data. Previously, only lcluster-sized (4KB) pclusters
262 were supported. After big pcluster feature is introduced (available since
263 Linux v5.13), pcluster can be a multiple of lcluster size.
265 For each HEAD lcluster, clusterofs is recorded to indicate where a new extent
266 starts and blkaddr is used to seek the compressed data. For each NONHEAD
267 lcluster, delta0 and delta1 are available instead of blkaddr to indicate the
268 distance to its HEAD lcluster and the next HEAD lcluster. A PLAIN lcluster is
269 also a HEAD lcluster except that its data is uncompressed. See the comments
270 around "struct z_erofs_vle_decompressed_index" in erofs_fs.h for more details.
272 If big pcluster is enabled, pcluster size in lclusters needs to be recorded as
273 well. Let the delta0 of the first NONHEAD lcluster store the compressed block
274 count with a special flag as a new called CBLKCNT NONHEAD lcluster. It's easy
275 to understand its delta0 is constantly 1, as illustrated below::
277 __________________________________________________________
278 | HEAD | NONHEAD | NONHEAD | ... | NONHEAD | HEAD | HEAD |
279 |__:___|_(CBLKCNT)_|_________|_____|_________|__:___|____:_|
280 |<----- a big pcluster (with CBLKCNT) ------>|<-- -->|
281 a lcluster-sized pcluster (without CBLKCNT) ^
283 If another HEAD follows a HEAD lcluster, there is no room to record CBLKCNT,
284 but it's easy to know the size of such pcluster is 1 lcluster as well.