1 ===========================================
2 Fault injection capabilities infrastructure
3 ===========================================
5 See also drivers/md/md-faulty.c and "every_nth" module option for scsi_debug.
8 Available fault injection capabilities
9 --------------------------------------
13 injects slab allocation failures. (kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), ...)
17 injects page allocation failures. (alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), ...)
21 injects failures in user memory access functions. (copy_from_user(), get_user(), ...)
25 injects futex deadlock and uaddr fault errors.
29 injects kernel RPC client and server failures.
33 injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting
34 /sys/block/<device>/make-it-fail or
35 /sys/block/<device>/<partition>/make-it-fail. (submit_bio_noacct())
39 injects MMC data errors on devices permitted by setting
40 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request
44 injects error return on specific functions, which are marked by
45 ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION() macro, by setting debugfs entries
46 under /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function. No boot option supported.
48 - NVMe fault injection
50 inject NVMe status code and retry flag on devices permitted by setting
51 debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/nvme*/fault_inject. The default
52 status code is NVME_SC_INVALID_OPCODE with no retry. The status code and
53 retry flag can be set via the debugfs.
56 Configure fault-injection capabilities behavior
57 -----------------------------------------------
62 fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime
63 configuration of fault-injection capabilities.
65 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/probability:
67 likelihood of failure injection, in percent.
71 Note that one-failure-per-hundred is a very high error rate
72 for some testcases. Consider setting probability=100 and configure
73 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval for such testcases.
75 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/interval:
77 specifies the interval between failures, for calls to
78 should_fail() that pass all the other tests.
80 Note that if you enable this, by setting interval>1, you will
81 probably want to set probability=100.
83 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/times:
85 specifies how many times failures may happen at most. A value of -1
86 means "no limit". Note, though, that this file only accepts unsigned
87 values. So, if you want to specify -1, you better use 'printf' instead
88 of 'echo', e.g.: $ printf %#x -1 > times
90 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/space:
92 specifies an initial resource "budget", decremented by "size"
93 on each call to should_fail(,size). Failure injection is
94 suppressed until "space" reaches zero.
96 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/verbose
100 specifies the verbosity of the messages when failure is
101 injected. '0' means no messages; '1' will print only a single
102 log line per failure; '2' will print a call trace too -- useful
103 to debug the problems revealed by fault injection.
105 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/task-filter:
107 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
109 A value of 'N' disables filtering by process (default).
110 Any positive value limits failures to only processes indicated by
111 /proc/<pid>/make-it-fail==1.
113 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-start,
114 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/require-end,
115 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-start,
116 /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/reject-end:
118 specifies the range of virtual addresses tested during
119 stacktrace walking. Failure is injected only if some caller
120 in the walked stacktrace lies within the required range, and
121 none lies within the rejected range.
122 Default required range is [0,ULONG_MAX) (whole of virtual address space).
123 Default rejected range is [0,0).
125 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail*/stacktrace-depth:
127 specifies the maximum stacktrace depth walked during search
128 for a caller within [require-start,require-end) OR
129 [reject-start,reject-end).
131 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-highmem:
133 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
135 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' won't inject failures into
136 highmem/user allocations.
138 - /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait:
139 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/ignore-gfp-wait:
141 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
143 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will inject failures
144 only into non-sleep allocations (GFP_ATOMIC allocations).
146 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_page_alloc/min-order:
148 specifies the minimum page allocation order to be injected
151 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_futex/ignore-private:
153 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
155 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will disable failure injections
156 when dealing with private (address space) futexes.
158 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_sunrpc/ignore-client-disconnect:
160 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
162 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will disable disconnect
163 injection on the RPC client.
165 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_sunrpc/ignore-server-disconnect:
167 Format: { 'Y' | 'N' }
169 default is 'N', setting it to 'Y' will disable disconnect
170 injection on the RPC server.
172 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/inject:
174 Format: { 'function-name' | '!function-name' | '' }
176 specifies the target function of error injection by name.
177 If the function name leads '!' prefix, given function is
178 removed from injection list. If nothing specified ('')
179 injection list is cleared.
181 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/injectable:
183 (read only) shows error injectable functions and what type of
184 error values can be specified. The error type will be one of
186 - NULL: retval must be 0.
187 - ERRNO: retval must be -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
188 - ERR_NULL: retval must be 0 or -1 to -MAX_ERRNO (-4096).
190 - /sys/kernel/debug/fail_function/<function-name>/retval:
192 specifies the "error" return value to inject to the given function.
193 This will be created when the user specifies a new injection entry.
194 Note that this file only accepts unsigned values. So, if you want to
195 use a negative errno, you better use 'printf' instead of 'echo', e.g.:
196 $ printf %#x -12 > retval
201 In order to inject faults while debugfs is not available (early boot time),
202 use the boot option::
209 mmc_core.fail_request=<interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
214 - /proc/<pid>/fail-nth,
215 /proc/self/task/<tid>/fail-nth:
217 Write to this file of integer N makes N-th call in the task fail.
218 Read from this file returns a integer value. A value of '0' indicates
219 that the fault setup with a previous write to this file was injected.
220 A positive integer N indicates that the fault wasn't yet injected.
221 Note that this file enables all types of faults (slab, futex, etc).
222 This setting takes precedence over all other generic debugfs settings
223 like probability, interval, times, etc. But per-capability settings
224 (e.g. fail_futex/ignore-private) take precedence over it.
226 This feature is intended for systematic testing of faults in a single
227 system call. See an example below.
229 How to add new fault injection capability
230 -----------------------------------------
232 - #include <linux/fault-inject.h>
234 - define the fault attributes
236 DECLARE_FAULT_ATTR(name);
238 Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h
241 - provide a way to configure fault attributes
245 If you need to enable the fault injection capability from boot time, you can
246 provide boot option to configure it. There is a helper function for it:
248 setup_fault_attr(attr, str);
252 failslab, fail_page_alloc, fail_usercopy, and fail_make_request use this way.
255 fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr);
259 If the scope of the fault injection capability is limited to a
260 single kernel module, it is better to provide module parameters to
261 configure the fault attributes.
263 - add a hook to insert failures
265 Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure:
267 should_fail(attr, size);
272 - Inject slab allocation failures into module init/exit code::
277 echo Y > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
278 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
279 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
280 printf %#x -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
281 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
282 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
283 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
287 bash -c "echo 1 > /proc/self/make-it-fail && exec $*"
292 echo "Usage: $0 modulename [ modulename ... ]"
299 faulty_system modprobe $m
302 faulty_system modprobe -r $m
305 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
307 - Inject page allocation failures only for a specific module::
311 FAILTYPE=fail_page_alloc
316 echo "Usage: $0 <modulename>"
322 if [ ! -d /sys/module/$module/sections ]
324 echo Module $module is not loaded
328 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.text > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-start
329 cat /sys/module/$module/sections/.data > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/require-end
331 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
332 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
333 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
334 printf %#x -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
335 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
336 echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
337 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-wait
338 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/ignore-gfp-highmem
339 echo 10 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/stacktrace-depth
341 trap "echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability" SIGINT SIGTERM EXIT
343 echo "Injecting errors into the module $module... (interrupt to stop)"
346 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
348 - Inject open_ctree error while btrfs mount::
353 dd if=/dev/zero of=testfile.img bs=1M seek=1000 count=1
354 DEVICE=$(losetup --show -f testfile.img)
355 mkfs.btrfs -f $DEVICE
358 FAILTYPE=fail_function
360 echo $FAILFUNC > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
361 printf %#x -12 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/$FAILFUNC/retval
362 echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/task-filter
363 echo 100 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/probability
364 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/interval
365 printf %#x -1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/times
366 echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/space
367 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/verbose
369 mount -t btrfs $DEVICE tmpmnt
378 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/$FAILTYPE/inject
385 Tool to run command with failslab or fail_page_alloc
386 ----------------------------------------------------
387 In order to make it easier to accomplish the tasks mentioned above, we can use
388 tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh. Please run a command
389 "./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --help" for more information and
390 see the following examples.
394 Run a command "make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests" with injecting slab
397 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh \
398 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
400 Same as above except to specify 100 times failures at most instead of one time
403 # ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
404 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
406 Same as above except to inject page allocation failure instead of slab
409 # env FAILCMD_TYPE=fail_page_alloc \
410 ./tools/testing/fault-injection/failcmd.sh --times=100 \
411 -- make -C tools/testing/selftests/ run_tests
413 Systematic faults using fail-nth
414 ---------------------------------
416 The following code systematically faults 0-th, 1-st, 2-nd and so on
417 capabilities in the socketpair() system call::
419 #include <sys/types.h>
420 #include <sys/stat.h>
421 #include <sys/socket.h>
422 #include <sys/syscall.h>
432 int i, err, res, fail_nth, fds[2];
435 system("echo N > /sys/kernel/debug/failslab/ignore-gfp-wait");
436 sprintf(buf, "/proc/self/task/%ld/fail-nth", syscall(SYS_gettid));
437 fail_nth = open(buf, O_RDWR);
439 sprintf(buf, "%d", i);
440 write(fail_nth, buf, strlen(buf));
441 res = socketpair(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fds);
443 pread(fail_nth, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
448 printf("%d-th fault %c: res=%d/%d\n", i, atoi(buf) ? 'N' : 'Y',
458 1-th fault Y: res=-1/23
459 2-th fault Y: res=-1/23
460 3-th fault Y: res=-1/12
461 4-th fault Y: res=-1/12
462 5-th fault Y: res=-1/23
463 6-th fault Y: res=-1/23
464 7-th fault Y: res=-1/23
465 8-th fault Y: res=-1/12
466 9-th fault Y: res=-1/12
467 10-th fault Y: res=-1/12
468 11-th fault Y: res=-1/12
469 12-th fault Y: res=-1/12
470 13-th fault Y: res=-1/12
471 14-th fault Y: res=-1/12
472 15-th fault Y: res=-1/12
473 16-th fault N: res=0/12