1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 The Linux kernel has 2 general types of console drivers. The first type is
8 assigned by the kernel to all the virtual consoles during the boot process.
9 This type will be called 'system driver', and only one system driver is allowed
10 to exist. The system driver is persistent and it can never be unloaded, though
11 it may become inactive.
13 The second type has to be explicitly loaded and unloaded. This will be called
14 'modular driver' by this document. Multiple modular drivers can coexist at
15 any time with each driver sharing the console with other drivers including
16 the system driver. However, modular drivers cannot take over the console
17 that is currently occupied by another modular driver. (Exception: Drivers that
18 call do_take_over_console() will succeed in the takeover regardless of the type
19 of driver occupying the consoles.) They can only take over the console that is
20 occupied by the system driver. In the same token, if the modular driver is
21 released by the console, the system driver will take over.
23 Modular drivers, from the programmer's point of view, have to call::
25 do_take_over_console() - load and bind driver to console layer
26 give_up_console() - unload driver; it will only work if driver
29 In newer kernels, the following are also available::
31 do_register_con_driver()
32 do_unregister_con_driver()
34 If sysfs is enabled, the contents of /sys/class/vtconsole can be
35 examined. This shows the console backends currently registered by the
36 system which are named vtcon<n> where <n> is an integer from 0 to 15.
39 ls /sys/class/vtconsole
42 Each directory in /sys/class/vtconsole has 3 files::
44 ls /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon0
47 What do these files signify?
49 1. bind - this is a read/write file. It shows the status of the driver if
50 read, or acts to bind or unbind the driver to the virtual consoles
51 when written to. The possible values are:
54 - means the driver is not bound and if echo'ed, commands the driver
58 - means the driver is bound and if echo'ed, commands the driver to
61 2. name - read-only file. Shows the name of the driver in this format::
63 cat /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon0/name
66 '(S)' stands for a (S)ystem driver, i.e., it cannot be directly
67 commanded to bind or unbind
69 'VGA+' is the name of the driver
71 cat /sys/class/vtconsole/vtcon1/name
72 (M) frame buffer device
74 In this case, '(M)' stands for a (M)odular driver, one that can be
75 directly commanded to bind or unbind.
77 3. uevent - ignore this file
79 When unbinding, the modular driver is detached first, and then the system
80 driver takes over the consoles vacated by the driver. Binding, on the other
81 hand, will bind the driver to the consoles that are currently occupied by a
85 Binding and unbinding must be selected in Kconfig. It's under::
89 Support for binding and unbinding console drivers
92 If any of the virtual consoles are in KD_GRAPHICS mode, then binding or
93 unbinding will not succeed. An example of an application that sets the
94 console to KD_GRAPHICS is X.
96 How useful is this feature? This is very useful for console driver
97 developers. By unbinding the driver from the console layer, one can unload the
98 driver, make changes, recompile, reload and rebind the driver without any need
99 for rebooting the kernel. For regular users who may want to switch from
100 framebuffer console to VGA console and vice versa, this feature also makes
101 this possible. (NOTE NOTE NOTE: Please read fbcon.txt under Documentation/fb
107 do_take_over_console() is now broken up into::
109 do_register_con_driver()
110 do_bind_con_driver() - private function
112 give_up_console() is a wrapper to do_unregister_con_driver(), and a driver must
113 be fully unbound for this call to succeed. con_is_bound() will check if the
114 driver is bound or not.
116 Guidelines for console driver writers
117 =====================================
119 In order for binding to and unbinding from the console to properly work,
120 console drivers must follow these guidelines:
122 1. All drivers, except system drivers, must call either do_register_con_driver()
123 or do_take_over_console(). do_register_con_driver() will just add the driver
124 to the console's internal list. It won't take over the
125 console. do_take_over_console(), as it name implies, will also take over (or
126 bind to) the console.
128 2. All resources allocated during con->con_init() must be released in
131 3. All resources allocated in con->con_startup() must be released when the
132 driver, which was previously bound, becomes unbound. The console layer
133 does not have a complementary call to con->con_startup() so it's up to the
134 driver to check when it's legal to release these resources. Calling
135 con_is_bound() in con->con_deinit() will help. If the call returned
136 false(), then it's safe to release the resources. This balance has to be
137 ensured because con->con_startup() can be called again when a request to
138 rebind the driver to the console arrives.
140 4. Upon exit of the driver, ensure that the driver is totally unbound. If the
141 condition is satisfied, then the driver must call do_unregister_con_driver()
142 or give_up_console().
144 5. do_unregister_con_driver() can also be called on conditions which make it
145 impossible for the driver to service console requests. This can happen
146 with the framebuffer console that suddenly lost all of its drivers.
148 The current crop of console drivers should still work correctly, but binding
149 and unbinding them may cause problems. With minimal fixes, these drivers can
150 be made to work correctly.
152 Antonino Daplas <adaplas@pol.net>