1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 .. Copyright (C) 2020, Google LLC.
4 Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE)
5 ==============================
7 Kernel Electric-Fence (KFENCE) is a low-overhead sampling-based memory safety
8 error detector. KFENCE detects heap out-of-bounds access, use-after-free, and
11 KFENCE is designed to be enabled in production kernels, and has near zero
12 performance overhead. Compared to KASAN, KFENCE trades performance for
13 precision. The main motivation behind KFENCE's design, is that with enough
14 total uptime KFENCE will detect bugs in code paths not typically exercised by
15 non-production test workloads. One way to quickly achieve a large enough total
16 uptime is when the tool is deployed across a large fleet of machines.
21 To enable KFENCE, configure the kernel with::
25 To build a kernel with KFENCE support, but disabled by default (to enable, set
26 ``kfence.sample_interval`` to non-zero value), configure the kernel with::
29 CONFIG_KFENCE_SAMPLE_INTERVAL=0
31 KFENCE provides several other configuration options to customize behaviour (see
32 the respective help text in ``lib/Kconfig.kfence`` for more info).
37 The most important parameter is KFENCE's sample interval, which can be set via
38 the kernel boot parameter ``kfence.sample_interval`` in milliseconds. The
39 sample interval determines the frequency with which heap allocations will be
40 guarded by KFENCE. The default is configurable via the Kconfig option
41 ``CONFIG_KFENCE_SAMPLE_INTERVAL``. Setting ``kfence.sample_interval=0``
44 The KFENCE memory pool is of fixed size, and if the pool is exhausted, no
45 further KFENCE allocations occur. With ``CONFIG_KFENCE_NUM_OBJECTS`` (default
46 255), the number of available guarded objects can be controlled. Each object
47 requires 2 pages, one for the object itself and the other one used as a guard
48 page; object pages are interleaved with guard pages, and every object page is
49 therefore surrounded by two guard pages.
51 The total memory dedicated to the KFENCE memory pool can be computed as::
53 ( #objects + 1 ) * 2 * PAGE_SIZE
55 Using the default config, and assuming a page size of 4 KiB, results in
56 dedicating 2 MiB to the KFENCE memory pool.
58 Note: On architectures that support huge pages, KFENCE will ensure that the
59 pool is using pages of size ``PAGE_SIZE``. This will result in additional page
60 tables being allocated.
65 A typical out-of-bounds access looks like this::
67 ==================================================================
68 BUG: KFENCE: out-of-bounds read in test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa6/0x234
70 Out-of-bounds read at 0xffff8c3f2e291fff (1B left of kfence-#72):
71 test_out_of_bounds_read+0xa6/0x234
72 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
73 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
75 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
77 kfence-#72: 0xffff8c3f2e292000-0xffff8c3f2e29201f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-32
79 allocated by task 484 on cpu 0 at 32.919330s:
81 test_out_of_bounds_read+0x9b/0x234
82 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
83 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
85 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
87 CPU: 0 PID: 484 Comm: kunit_try_catch Not tainted 5.13.0-rc3+ #7
88 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
89 ==================================================================
91 The header of the report provides a short summary of the function involved in
92 the access. It is followed by more detailed information about the access and
93 its origin. Note that, real kernel addresses are only shown when using the
94 kernel command line option ``no_hash_pointers``.
96 Use-after-free accesses are reported as::
98 ==================================================================
99 BUG: KFENCE: use-after-free read in test_use_after_free_read+0xb3/0x143
101 Use-after-free read at 0xffff8c3f2e2a0000 (in kfence-#79):
102 test_use_after_free_read+0xb3/0x143
103 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
104 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
106 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
108 kfence-#79: 0xffff8c3f2e2a0000-0xffff8c3f2e2a001f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-32
110 allocated by task 488 on cpu 2 at 33.871326s:
111 test_alloc+0xfe/0x738
112 test_use_after_free_read+0x76/0x143
113 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
114 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
116 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
118 freed by task 488 on cpu 2 at 33.871358s:
119 test_use_after_free_read+0xa8/0x143
120 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
121 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
123 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
125 CPU: 2 PID: 488 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.13.0-rc3+ #7
126 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
127 ==================================================================
129 KFENCE also reports on invalid frees, such as double-frees::
131 ==================================================================
132 BUG: KFENCE: invalid free in test_double_free+0xdc/0x171
134 Invalid free of 0xffff8c3f2e2a4000 (in kfence-#81):
135 test_double_free+0xdc/0x171
136 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
137 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
139 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
141 kfence-#81: 0xffff8c3f2e2a4000-0xffff8c3f2e2a401f, size=32, cache=kmalloc-32
143 allocated by task 490 on cpu 1 at 34.175321s:
144 test_alloc+0xfe/0x738
145 test_double_free+0x76/0x171
146 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
147 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
149 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
151 freed by task 490 on cpu 1 at 34.175348s:
152 test_double_free+0xa8/0x171
153 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
154 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
156 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
158 CPU: 1 PID: 490 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.13.0-rc3+ #7
159 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
160 ==================================================================
162 KFENCE also uses pattern-based redzones on the other side of an object's guard
163 page, to detect out-of-bounds writes on the unprotected side of the object.
164 These are reported on frees::
166 ==================================================================
167 BUG: KFENCE: memory corruption in test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0xef/0x184
169 Corrupted memory at 0xffff8c3f2e33aff9 [ 0xac . . . . . . ] (in kfence-#156):
170 test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0xef/0x184
171 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
172 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
174 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
176 kfence-#156: 0xffff8c3f2e33afb0-0xffff8c3f2e33aff8, size=73, cache=kmalloc-96
178 allocated by task 502 on cpu 7 at 42.159302s:
179 test_alloc+0xfe/0x738
180 test_kmalloc_aligned_oob_write+0x57/0x184
181 kunit_try_run_case+0x61/0xa0
182 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
184 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
186 CPU: 7 PID: 502 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G B 5.13.0-rc3+ #7
187 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.14.0-2 04/01/2014
188 ==================================================================
190 For such errors, the address where the corruption occurred as well as the
191 invalidly written bytes (offset from the address) are shown; in this
192 representation, '.' denote untouched bytes. In the example above ``0xac`` is
193 the value written to the invalid address at offset 0, and the remaining '.'
194 denote that no following bytes have been touched. Note that, real values are
195 only shown if the kernel was booted with ``no_hash_pointers``; to avoid
196 information disclosure otherwise, '!' is used instead to denote invalidly
199 And finally, KFENCE may also report on invalid accesses to any protected page
200 where it was not possible to determine an associated object, e.g. if adjacent
201 object pages had not yet been allocated::
203 ==================================================================
204 BUG: KFENCE: invalid read in test_invalid_access+0x26/0xe0
206 Invalid read at 0xffffffffb670b00a:
207 test_invalid_access+0x26/0xe0
208 kunit_try_run_case+0x51/0x85
209 kunit_generic_run_threadfn_adapter+0x16/0x30
211 ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30
213 CPU: 4 PID: 124 Comm: kunit_try_catch Tainted: G W 5.8.0-rc6+ #7
214 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.13.0-1 04/01/2014
215 ==================================================================
220 Some debugging information is exposed via debugfs:
222 * The file ``/sys/kernel/debug/kfence/stats`` provides runtime statistics.
224 * The file ``/sys/kernel/debug/kfence/objects`` provides a list of objects
225 allocated via KFENCE, including those already freed but protected.
227 Implementation Details
228 ----------------------
230 Guarded allocations are set up based on the sample interval. After expiration
231 of the sample interval, the next allocation through the main allocator (SLAB or
232 SLUB) returns a guarded allocation from the KFENCE object pool (allocation
233 sizes up to PAGE_SIZE are supported). At this point, the timer is reset, and
234 the next allocation is set up after the expiration of the interval. To "gate" a
235 KFENCE allocation through the main allocator's fast-path without overhead,
236 KFENCE relies on static branches via the static keys infrastructure. The static
237 branch is toggled to redirect the allocation to KFENCE.
239 KFENCE objects each reside on a dedicated page, at either the left or right
240 page boundaries selected at random. The pages to the left and right of the
241 object page are "guard pages", whose attributes are changed to a protected
242 state, and cause page faults on any attempted access. Such page faults are then
243 intercepted by KFENCE, which handles the fault gracefully by reporting an
244 out-of-bounds access, and marking the page as accessible so that the faulting
245 code can (wrongly) continue executing (set ``panic_on_warn`` to panic instead).
247 To detect out-of-bounds writes to memory within the object's page itself,
248 KFENCE also uses pattern-based redzones. For each object page, a redzone is set
249 up for all non-object memory. For typical alignments, the redzone is only
250 required on the unguarded side of an object. Because KFENCE must honor the
251 cache's requested alignment, special alignments may result in unprotected gaps
252 on either side of an object, all of which are redzoned.
254 The following figure illustrates the page layout::
256 ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
257 | xxxxxxxxx | O : | xxxxxxxxx | : O | xxxxxxxxx |
258 | xxxxxxxxx | B : | xxxxxxxxx | : B | xxxxxxxxx |
259 | x GUARD x | J : RED- | x GUARD x | RED- : J | x GUARD x |
260 | xxxxxxxxx | E : ZONE | xxxxxxxxx | ZONE : E | xxxxxxxxx |
261 | xxxxxxxxx | C : | xxxxxxxxx | : C | xxxxxxxxx |
262 | xxxxxxxxx | T : | xxxxxxxxx | : T | xxxxxxxxx |
263 ---+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---
265 Upon deallocation of a KFENCE object, the object's page is again protected and
266 the object is marked as freed. Any further access to the object causes a fault
267 and KFENCE reports a use-after-free access. Freed objects are inserted at the
268 tail of KFENCE's freelist, so that the least recently freed objects are reused
269 first, and the chances of detecting use-after-frees of recently freed objects
275 The following describes the functions which are used by allocators as well as
276 page handling code to set up and deal with KFENCE allocations.
278 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kfence.h
279 :functions: is_kfence_address
280 kfence_shutdown_cache
281 kfence_alloc kfence_free __kfence_free
282 kfence_ksize kfence_object_start
283 kfence_handle_page_fault
288 In userspace, a similar approach is taken by `GWP-ASan
289 <http://llvm.org/docs/GwpAsan.html>`_. GWP-ASan also relies on guard pages and
290 a sampling strategy to detect memory unsafety bugs at scale. KFENCE's design is
291 directly influenced by GWP-ASan, and can be seen as its kernel sibling. Another
292 similar but non-sampling approach, that also inspired the name "KFENCE", can be
293 found in the userspace `Electric Fence Malloc Debugger
294 <https://linux.die.net/man/3/efence>`_.
296 In the kernel, several tools exist to debug memory access errors, and in
297 particular KASAN can detect all bug classes that KFENCE can detect. While KASAN
298 is more precise, relying on compiler instrumentation, this comes at a
301 It is worth highlighting that KASAN and KFENCE are complementary, with
302 different target environments. For instance, KASAN is the better debugging-aid,
303 where test cases or reproducers exists: due to the lower chance to detect the
304 error, it would require more effort using KFENCE to debug. Deployments at scale
305 that cannot afford to enable KASAN, however, would benefit from using KFENCE to
306 discover bugs due to code paths not exercised by test cases or fuzzers.