1 kcov: code coverage for fuzzing
2 ===============================
4 kcov exposes kernel code coverage information in a form suitable for coverage-
5 guided fuzzing (randomized testing). Coverage data of a running kernel is
6 exported via the "kcov" debugfs file. Coverage collection is enabled on a task
7 basis, and thus it can capture precise coverage of a single system call.
9 Note that kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims
10 to collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
11 To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard interrupts
12 and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic parts of kernel is
13 disabled (e.g. scheduler, locking).
15 kcov is also able to collect comparison operands from the instrumented code
16 (this feature currently requires that the kernel is compiled with clang).
21 Configure the kernel with::
25 CONFIG_KCOV requires gcc 6.1.0 or later.
27 If the comparison operands need to be collected, set::
29 CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS=y
31 Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been mounted::
33 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
38 The following program demonstrates coverage collection from within a test
47 #include <sys/types.h>
49 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
54 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE _IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
55 #define KCOV_ENABLE _IO('c', 100)
56 #define KCOV_DISABLE _IO('c', 101)
57 #define COVER_SIZE (64<<10)
59 #define KCOV_TRACE_PC 0
60 #define KCOV_TRACE_CMP 1
62 int main(int argc, char **argv)
65 unsigned long *cover, n, i;
67 /* A single fd descriptor allows coverage collection on a single
70 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
72 perror("open"), exit(1);
73 /* Setup trace mode and trace size. */
74 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
75 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
76 /* Mmap buffer shared between kernel- and user-space. */
77 cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
78 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
79 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
80 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
81 /* Enable coverage collection on the current thread. */
82 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_PC))
83 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
84 /* Reset coverage from the tail of the ioctl() call. */
85 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
86 /* That's the target syscal call. */
88 /* Read number of PCs collected. */
89 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
90 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
91 printf("0x%lx\n", cover[i + 1]);
92 /* Disable coverage collection for the current thread. After this call
93 * coverage can be enabled for a different thread.
95 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
96 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
98 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
99 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
101 perror("close"), exit(1);
105 After piping through addr2line output of the program looks as follows::
122 If a program needs to collect coverage from several threads (independently),
123 it needs to open /sys/kernel/debug/kcov in each thread separately.
125 The interface is fine-grained to allow efficient forking of test processes.
126 That is, a parent process opens /sys/kernel/debug/kcov, enables trace mode,
127 mmaps coverage buffer and then forks child processes in a loop. Child processes
128 only need to enable coverage (disable happens automatically on thread end).
130 Comparison operands collection
131 ------------------------------
133 Comparison operands collection is similar to coverage collection:
137 /* Same includes and defines as above. */
139 /* Number of 64-bit words per record. */
140 #define KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP 4
143 * The format for the types of collected comparisons.
145 * Bit 0 shows whether one of the arguments is a compile-time constant.
146 * Bits 1 & 2 contain log2 of the argument size, up to 8 bytes.
149 #define KCOV_CMP_CONST (1 << 0)
150 #define KCOV_CMP_SIZE(n) ((n) << 1)
151 #define KCOV_CMP_MASK KCOV_CMP_SIZE(3)
153 int main(int argc, char **argv)
156 uint64_t *cover, type, arg1, arg2, is_const, size;
159 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
161 perror("open"), exit(1);
162 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
163 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
165 * Note that the buffer pointer is of type uint64_t*, because all
166 * the comparison operands are promoted to uint64_t.
168 cover = (uint64_t *)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
169 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
170 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
171 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
172 /* Note KCOV_TRACE_CMP instead of KCOV_TRACE_PC. */
173 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_CMP))
174 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
175 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
177 /* Read number of comparisons collected. */
178 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
179 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
180 type = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 1];
181 /* arg1 and arg2 - operands of the comparison. */
182 arg1 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 2];
183 arg2 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 3];
184 /* ip - caller address. */
185 ip = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 4];
186 /* size of the operands. */
187 size = 1 << ((type & KCOV_CMP_MASK) >> 1);
188 /* is_const - true if either operand is a compile-time constant.*/
189 is_const = type & KCOV_CMP_CONST;
190 printf("ip: 0x%lx type: 0x%lx, arg1: 0x%lx, arg2: 0x%lx, "
192 ip, type, arg1, arg2, size,
193 is_const ? "const" : "non-const");
195 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
196 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
197 /* Free resources. */
198 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
199 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
201 perror("close"), exit(1);
205 Note that the kcov modes (coverage collection or comparison operands) are
208 Remote coverage collection
209 --------------------------
211 With KCOV_ENABLE coverage is collected only for syscalls that are issued
212 from the current process. With KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE it's possible to collect
213 coverage for arbitrary parts of the kernel code, provided that those parts
214 are annotated with kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().
216 This allows to collect coverage from two types of kernel background
217 threads: the global ones, that are spawned during kernel boot in a limited
218 number of instances (e.g. one USB hub_event() worker thread is spawned per
219 USB HCD); and the local ones, that are spawned when a user interacts with
220 some kernel interface (e.g. vhost workers); as well as from soft
223 To enable collecting coverage from a global background thread or from a
224 softirq, a unique global handle must be assigned and passed to the
225 corresponding kcov_remote_start() call. Then a userspace process can pass
226 a list of such handles to the KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE ioctl in the handles
227 array field of the kcov_remote_arg struct. This will attach the used kcov
228 device to the code sections, that are referenced by those handles.
230 Since there might be many local background threads spawned from different
231 userspace processes, we can't use a single global handle per annotation.
232 Instead, the userspace process passes a non-zero handle through the
233 common_handle field of the kcov_remote_arg struct. This common handle gets
234 saved to the kcov_handle field in the current task_struct and needs to be
235 passed to the newly spawned threads via custom annotations. Those threads
236 should in turn be annotated with kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().
238 Internally kcov stores handles as u64 integers. The top byte of a handle
239 is used to denote the id of a subsystem that this handle belongs to, and
240 the lower 4 bytes are used to denote the id of a thread instance within
241 that subsystem. A reserved value 0 is used as a subsystem id for common
242 handles as they don't belong to a particular subsystem. The bytes 4-7 are
243 currently reserved and must be zero. In the future the number of bytes
244 used for the subsystem or handle ids might be increased.
246 When a particular userspace process collects coverage via a common
247 handle, kcov will collect coverage for each code section that is annotated
248 to use the common handle obtained as kcov_handle from the current
249 task_struct. However non common handles allow to collect coverage
250 selectively from different subsystems.
254 struct kcov_remote_arg {
258 __aligned_u64 common_handle;
259 __aligned_u64 handles[0];
262 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE _IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
263 #define KCOV_DISABLE _IO('c', 101)
264 #define KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE _IOW('c', 102, struct kcov_remote_arg)
266 #define COVER_SIZE (64 << 10)
268 #define KCOV_TRACE_PC 0
270 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON (0x00ull << 56)
271 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB (0x01ull << 56)
273 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK (0xffull << 56)
274 #define KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK (0xffffffffull)
276 static inline __u64 kcov_remote_handle(__u64 subsys, __u64 inst)
278 if (subsys & ~KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK || inst & ~KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK)
280 return subsys | inst;
283 #define KCOV_COMMON_ID 0x42
284 #define KCOV_USB_BUS_NUM 1
286 int main(int argc, char **argv)
289 unsigned long *cover, n, i;
290 struct kcov_remote_arg *arg;
292 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
294 perror("open"), exit(1);
295 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
296 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
297 cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
298 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
299 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
300 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
302 /* Enable coverage collection via common handle and from USB bus #1. */
303 arg = calloc(1, sizeof(*arg) + sizeof(uint64_t));
305 perror("calloc"), exit(1);
306 arg->trace_mode = KCOV_TRACE_PC;
307 arg->area_size = COVER_SIZE;
308 arg->num_handles = 1;
309 arg->common_handle = kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON,
311 arg->handles[0] = kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB,
313 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE, arg))
314 perror("ioctl"), free(arg), exit(1);
318 * Here the user needs to trigger execution of a kernel code section
319 * that is either annotated with the common handle, or to trigger some
320 * activity on USB bus #1.
324 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
325 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
326 printf("0x%lx\n", cover[i + 1]);
327 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
328 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
329 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
330 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
332 perror("close"), exit(1);