1 kcov: code coverage for fuzzing
2 ===============================
4 kcov exposes kernel code coverage information in a form suitable for coverage-
5 guided fuzzing (randomized testing). Coverage data of a running kernel is
6 exported via the "kcov" debugfs file. Coverage collection is enabled on a task
7 basis, and thus it can capture precise coverage of a single system call.
9 Note that kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims
10 to collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
11 To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard interrupts
12 and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic parts of kernel is
13 disabled (e.g. scheduler, locking).
15 kcov is also able to collect comparison operands from the instrumented code
16 (this feature currently requires that the kernel is compiled with clang).
21 Configure the kernel with::
25 CONFIG_KCOV requires gcc 6.1.0 or later.
27 If the comparison operands need to be collected, set::
29 CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS=y
31 Profiling data will only become accessible once debugfs has been mounted::
33 mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug
38 The following program demonstrates coverage collection from within a test
47 #include <sys/types.h>
49 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
53 #include <linux/types.h>
55 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE _IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
56 #define KCOV_ENABLE _IO('c', 100)
57 #define KCOV_DISABLE _IO('c', 101)
58 #define COVER_SIZE (64<<10)
60 #define KCOV_TRACE_PC 0
61 #define KCOV_TRACE_CMP 1
63 int main(int argc, char **argv)
66 unsigned long *cover, n, i;
68 /* A single fd descriptor allows coverage collection on a single
71 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
73 perror("open"), exit(1);
74 /* Setup trace mode and trace size. */
75 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
76 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
77 /* Mmap buffer shared between kernel- and user-space. */
78 cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
79 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
80 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
81 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
82 /* Enable coverage collection on the current thread. */
83 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_PC))
84 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
85 /* Reset coverage from the tail of the ioctl() call. */
86 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
87 /* That's the target syscal call. */
89 /* Read number of PCs collected. */
90 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
91 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
92 printf("0x%lx\n", cover[i + 1]);
93 /* Disable coverage collection for the current thread. After this call
94 * coverage can be enabled for a different thread.
96 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
97 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
99 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
100 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
102 perror("close"), exit(1);
106 After piping through addr2line output of the program looks as follows::
123 If a program needs to collect coverage from several threads (independently),
124 it needs to open /sys/kernel/debug/kcov in each thread separately.
126 The interface is fine-grained to allow efficient forking of test processes.
127 That is, a parent process opens /sys/kernel/debug/kcov, enables trace mode,
128 mmaps coverage buffer and then forks child processes in a loop. Child processes
129 only need to enable coverage (disable happens automatically on thread end).
131 Comparison operands collection
132 ------------------------------
134 Comparison operands collection is similar to coverage collection:
138 /* Same includes and defines as above. */
140 /* Number of 64-bit words per record. */
141 #define KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP 4
144 * The format for the types of collected comparisons.
146 * Bit 0 shows whether one of the arguments is a compile-time constant.
147 * Bits 1 & 2 contain log2 of the argument size, up to 8 bytes.
150 #define KCOV_CMP_CONST (1 << 0)
151 #define KCOV_CMP_SIZE(n) ((n) << 1)
152 #define KCOV_CMP_MASK KCOV_CMP_SIZE(3)
154 int main(int argc, char **argv)
157 uint64_t *cover, type, arg1, arg2, is_const, size;
160 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
162 perror("open"), exit(1);
163 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
164 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
166 * Note that the buffer pointer is of type uint64_t*, because all
167 * the comparison operands are promoted to uint64_t.
169 cover = (uint64_t *)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
170 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
171 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
172 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
173 /* Note KCOV_TRACE_CMP instead of KCOV_TRACE_PC. */
174 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_ENABLE, KCOV_TRACE_CMP))
175 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
176 __atomic_store_n(&cover[0], 0, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
178 /* Read number of comparisons collected. */
179 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
180 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
181 type = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 1];
182 /* arg1 and arg2 - operands of the comparison. */
183 arg1 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 2];
184 arg2 = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 3];
185 /* ip - caller address. */
186 ip = cover[i * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP + 4];
187 /* size of the operands. */
188 size = 1 << ((type & KCOV_CMP_MASK) >> 1);
189 /* is_const - true if either operand is a compile-time constant.*/
190 is_const = type & KCOV_CMP_CONST;
191 printf("ip: 0x%lx type: 0x%lx, arg1: 0x%lx, arg2: 0x%lx, "
193 ip, type, arg1, arg2, size,
194 is_const ? "const" : "non-const");
196 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
197 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
198 /* Free resources. */
199 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
200 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
202 perror("close"), exit(1);
206 Note that the kcov modes (coverage collection or comparison operands) are
209 Remote coverage collection
210 --------------------------
212 With KCOV_ENABLE coverage is collected only for syscalls that are issued
213 from the current process. With KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE it's possible to collect
214 coverage for arbitrary parts of the kernel code, provided that those parts
215 are annotated with kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().
217 This allows to collect coverage from two types of kernel background
218 threads: the global ones, that are spawned during kernel boot in a limited
219 number of instances (e.g. one USB hub_event() worker thread is spawned per
220 USB HCD); and the local ones, that are spawned when a user interacts with
221 some kernel interface (e.g. vhost workers); as well as from soft
224 To enable collecting coverage from a global background thread or from a
225 softirq, a unique global handle must be assigned and passed to the
226 corresponding kcov_remote_start() call. Then a userspace process can pass
227 a list of such handles to the KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE ioctl in the handles
228 array field of the kcov_remote_arg struct. This will attach the used kcov
229 device to the code sections, that are referenced by those handles.
231 Since there might be many local background threads spawned from different
232 userspace processes, we can't use a single global handle per annotation.
233 Instead, the userspace process passes a non-zero handle through the
234 common_handle field of the kcov_remote_arg struct. This common handle gets
235 saved to the kcov_handle field in the current task_struct and needs to be
236 passed to the newly spawned threads via custom annotations. Those threads
237 should in turn be annotated with kcov_remote_start()/kcov_remote_stop().
239 Internally kcov stores handles as u64 integers. The top byte of a handle
240 is used to denote the id of a subsystem that this handle belongs to, and
241 the lower 4 bytes are used to denote the id of a thread instance within
242 that subsystem. A reserved value 0 is used as a subsystem id for common
243 handles as they don't belong to a particular subsystem. The bytes 4-7 are
244 currently reserved and must be zero. In the future the number of bytes
245 used for the subsystem or handle ids might be increased.
247 When a particular userspace process collects coverage via a common
248 handle, kcov will collect coverage for each code section that is annotated
249 to use the common handle obtained as kcov_handle from the current
250 task_struct. However non common handles allow to collect coverage
251 selectively from different subsystems.
255 /* Same includes and defines as above. */
257 struct kcov_remote_arg {
261 __aligned_u64 common_handle;
262 __aligned_u64 handles[0];
265 #define KCOV_INIT_TRACE _IOR('c', 1, unsigned long)
266 #define KCOV_DISABLE _IO('c', 101)
267 #define KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE _IOW('c', 102, struct kcov_remote_arg)
269 #define COVER_SIZE (64 << 10)
271 #define KCOV_TRACE_PC 0
273 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON (0x00ull << 56)
274 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB (0x01ull << 56)
276 #define KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK (0xffull << 56)
277 #define KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK (0xffffffffull)
279 static inline __u64 kcov_remote_handle(__u64 subsys, __u64 inst)
281 if (subsys & ~KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_MASK || inst & ~KCOV_INSTANCE_MASK)
283 return subsys | inst;
286 #define KCOV_COMMON_ID 0x42
287 #define KCOV_USB_BUS_NUM 1
289 int main(int argc, char **argv)
292 unsigned long *cover, n, i;
293 struct kcov_remote_arg *arg;
295 fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/kcov", O_RDWR);
297 perror("open"), exit(1);
298 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_INIT_TRACE, COVER_SIZE))
299 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
300 cover = (unsigned long*)mmap(NULL, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long),
301 PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
302 if ((void*)cover == MAP_FAILED)
303 perror("mmap"), exit(1);
305 /* Enable coverage collection via common handle and from USB bus #1. */
306 arg = calloc(1, sizeof(*arg) + sizeof(uint64_t));
308 perror("calloc"), exit(1);
309 arg->trace_mode = KCOV_TRACE_PC;
310 arg->area_size = COVER_SIZE;
311 arg->num_handles = 1;
312 arg->common_handle = kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_COMMON,
314 arg->handles[0] = kcov_remote_handle(KCOV_SUBSYSTEM_USB,
316 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_REMOTE_ENABLE, arg))
317 perror("ioctl"), free(arg), exit(1);
321 * Here the user needs to trigger execution of a kernel code section
322 * that is either annotated with the common handle, or to trigger some
323 * activity on USB bus #1.
327 n = __atomic_load_n(&cover[0], __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
328 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
329 printf("0x%lx\n", cover[i + 1]);
330 if (ioctl(fd, KCOV_DISABLE, 0))
331 perror("ioctl"), exit(1);
332 if (munmap(cover, COVER_SIZE * sizeof(unsigned long)))
333 perror("munmap"), exit(1);
335 perror("close"), exit(1);