1 Kernel Crypto API Architecture
2 ==============================
7 The kernel crypto API provides different API calls for the following
14 - Message digest, including keyed message digest
16 - Random number generation
18 - User space interface
23 The kernel crypto API provides implementations of single block ciphers
24 and message digests. In addition, the kernel crypto API provides
25 numerous "templates" that can be used in conjunction with the single
26 block ciphers and message digests. Templates include all types of block
27 chaining mode, the HMAC mechanism, etc.
29 Single block ciphers and message digests can either be directly used by
30 a caller or invoked together with a template to form multi-block ciphers
31 or keyed message digests.
33 A single block cipher may even be called with multiple templates.
34 However, templates cannot be used without a single cipher.
36 See /proc/crypto and search for "name". For example:
52 - authenc(hmac(sha1),cbc(aes))
54 In these examples, "aes" and "sha1" are the ciphers and all others are
57 Synchronous And Asynchronous Operation
58 --------------------------------------
60 The kernel crypto API provides synchronous and asynchronous API
63 When using the synchronous API operation, the caller invokes a cipher
64 operation which is performed synchronously by the kernel crypto API.
65 That means, the caller waits until the cipher operation completes.
66 Therefore, the kernel crypto API calls work like regular function calls.
67 For synchronous operation, the set of API calls is small and
68 conceptually similar to any other crypto library.
70 Asynchronous operation is provided by the kernel crypto API which
71 implies that the invocation of a cipher operation will complete almost
72 instantly. That invocation triggers the cipher operation but it does not
73 signal its completion. Before invoking a cipher operation, the caller
74 must provide a callback function the kernel crypto API can invoke to
75 signal the completion of the cipher operation. Furthermore, the caller
76 must ensure it can handle such asynchronous events by applying
77 appropriate locking around its data. The kernel crypto API does not
78 perform any special serialization operation to protect the caller's data
81 Crypto API Cipher References And Priority
82 -----------------------------------------
84 A cipher is referenced by the caller with a string. That string has the
89 template(single block cipher)
92 where "template" and "single block cipher" is the aforementioned
93 template and single block cipher, respectively. If applicable,
94 additional templates may enclose other templates, such as
98 template1(template2(single block cipher)))
101 The kernel crypto API may provide multiple implementations of a template
102 or a single block cipher. For example, AES on newer Intel hardware has
103 the following implementations: AES-NI, assembler implementation, or
104 straight C. Now, when using the string "aes" with the kernel crypto API,
105 which cipher implementation is used? The answer to that question is the
106 priority number assigned to each cipher implementation by the kernel
107 crypto API. When a caller uses the string to refer to a cipher during
108 initialization of a cipher handle, the kernel crypto API looks up all
109 implementations providing an implementation with that name and selects
110 the implementation with the highest priority.
112 Now, a caller may have the need to refer to a specific cipher
113 implementation and thus does not want to rely on the priority-based
114 selection. To accommodate this scenario, the kernel crypto API allows
115 the cipher implementation to register a unique name in addition to
116 common names. When using that unique name, a caller is therefore always
117 sure to refer to the intended cipher implementation.
119 The list of available ciphers is given in /proc/crypto. However, that
120 list does not specify all possible permutations of templates and
121 ciphers. Each block listed in /proc/crypto may contain the following
122 information -- if one of the components listed as follows are not
123 applicable to a cipher, it is not displayed:
125 - name: the generic name of the cipher that is subject to the
126 priority-based selection -- this name can be used by the cipher
127 allocation API calls (all names listed above are examples for such
130 - driver: the unique name of the cipher -- this name can be used by the
131 cipher allocation API calls
133 - module: the kernel module providing the cipher implementation (or
134 "kernel" for statically linked ciphers)
136 - priority: the priority value of the cipher implementation
138 - refcnt: the reference count of the respective cipher (i.e. the number
139 of current consumers of this cipher)
141 - selftest: specification whether the self test for the cipher passed
145 - skcipher for symmetric key ciphers
147 - cipher for single block ciphers that may be used with an
150 - shash for synchronous message digest
152 - ahash for asynchronous message digest
154 - aead for AEAD cipher type
156 - compression for compression type transformations
158 - rng for random number generator
160 - kpp for a Key-agreement Protocol Primitive (KPP) cipher such as
161 an ECDH or DH implementation
163 - blocksize: blocksize of cipher in bytes
165 - keysize: key size in bytes
167 - ivsize: IV size in bytes
169 - seedsize: required size of seed data for random number generator
171 - digestsize: output size of the message digest
173 - geniv: IV generator (obsolete)
178 When allocating a cipher handle, the caller only specifies the cipher
179 type. Symmetric ciphers, however, typically support multiple key sizes
180 (e.g. AES-128 vs. AES-192 vs. AES-256). These key sizes are determined
181 with the length of the provided key. Thus, the kernel crypto API does
182 not provide a separate way to select the particular symmetric cipher key
185 Cipher Allocation Type And Masks
186 --------------------------------
188 The different cipher handle allocation functions allow the specification
189 of a type and mask flag. Both parameters have the following meaning (and
190 are therefore not covered in the subsequent sections).
192 The type flag specifies the type of the cipher algorithm. The caller
193 usually provides a 0 when the caller wants the default handling.
194 Otherwise, the caller may provide the following selections which match
195 the aforementioned cipher types:
197 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER Single block cipher
199 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_COMPRESS Compression
201 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_AEAD Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data
204 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_KPP Key-agreement Protocol Primitive (KPP) such as
205 an ECDH or DH implementation
207 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_HASH Raw message digest
209 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_SHASH Synchronous multi-block hash
211 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_AHASH Asynchronous multi-block hash
213 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_RNG Random Number Generation
215 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_AKCIPHER Asymmetric cipher
217 - CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_PCOMPRESS Enhanced version of
218 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_COMPRESS allowing for segmented compression /
219 decompression instead of performing the operation on one segment
220 only. CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_PCOMPRESS is intended to replace
221 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_COMPRESS once existing consumers are converted.
223 The mask flag restricts the type of cipher. The only allowed flag is
224 CRYPTO_ALG_ASYNC to restrict the cipher lookup function to
225 asynchronous ciphers. Usually, a caller provides a 0 for the mask flag.
227 When the caller provides a mask and type specification, the caller
228 limits the search the kernel crypto API can perform for a suitable
229 cipher implementation for the given cipher name. That means, even when a
230 caller uses a cipher name that exists during its initialization call,
231 the kernel crypto API may not select it due to the used type and mask
234 Internal Structure of Kernel Crypto API
235 ---------------------------------------
237 The kernel crypto API has an internal structure where a cipher
238 implementation may use many layers and indirections. This section shall
239 help to clarify how the kernel crypto API uses various components to
240 implement the complete cipher.
242 The following subsections explain the internal structure based on
243 existing cipher implementations. The first section addresses the most
244 complex scenario where all other scenarios form a logical subset.
246 Generic AEAD Cipher Structure
247 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
249 The following ASCII art decomposes the kernel crypto API layers when
250 using the AEAD cipher with the automated IV generation. The shown
251 example is used by the IPSEC layer.
253 For other use cases of AEAD ciphers, the ASCII art applies as well, but
254 the caller may not use the AEAD cipher with a separate IV generator. In
255 this case, the caller must generate the IV.
257 The depicted example decomposes the AEAD cipher of GCM(AES) based on the
258 generic C implementations (gcm.c, aes-generic.c, ctr.c, ghash-generic.c,
259 seqiv.c). The generic implementation serves as an example showing the
260 complete logic of the kernel crypto API.
262 It is possible that some streamlined cipher implementations (like
263 AES-NI) provide implementations merging aspects which in the view of the
264 kernel crypto API cannot be decomposed into layers any more. In case of
265 the AES-NI implementation, the CTR mode, the GHASH implementation and
266 the AES cipher are all merged into one cipher implementation registered
267 with the kernel crypto API. In this case, the concept described by the
268 following ASCII art applies too. However, the decomposition of GCM into
269 the individual sub-components by the kernel crypto API is not done any
272 Each block in the following ASCII art is an independent cipher instance
273 obtained from the kernel crypto API. Each block is accessed by the
274 caller or by other blocks using the API functions defined by the kernel
275 crypto API for the cipher implementation type.
277 The blocks below indicate the cipher type as well as the specific logic
278 implemented in the cipher.
280 The ASCII art picture also indicates the call structure, i.e. who calls
281 which component. The arrows point to the invoked block where the caller
282 uses the API applicable to the cipher type specified for the block.
287 kernel crypto API | IPSEC Layer
291 | aead | <----------------------------------- esp_output
297 | aead | <----------------------------------- esp_input
298 | (gcm) | ------------+
302 +-----------+ +-----------+
304 | skcipher | | ahash |
305 | (ctr) | ---+ | (ghash) |
306 +-----------+ | +-----------+
316 The following call sequence is applicable when the IPSEC layer triggers
317 an encryption operation with the esp_output function. During
318 configuration, the administrator set up the use of seqiv(rfc4106(gcm(aes)))
319 as the cipher for ESP. The following call sequence is now depicted in
322 1. esp_output() invokes crypto_aead_encrypt() to trigger an
323 encryption operation of the AEAD cipher with IV generator.
325 The SEQIV generates the IV.
327 2. Now, SEQIV uses the AEAD API function calls to invoke the associated
328 AEAD cipher. In our case, during the instantiation of SEQIV, the
329 cipher handle for GCM is provided to SEQIV. This means that SEQIV
330 invokes AEAD cipher operations with the GCM cipher handle.
332 During instantiation of the GCM handle, the CTR(AES) and GHASH
333 ciphers are instantiated. The cipher handles for CTR(AES) and GHASH
334 are retained for later use.
336 The GCM implementation is responsible to invoke the CTR mode AES and
337 the GHASH cipher in the right manner to implement the GCM
340 3. The GCM AEAD cipher type implementation now invokes the SKCIPHER API
341 with the instantiated CTR(AES) cipher handle.
343 During instantiation of the CTR(AES) cipher, the CIPHER type
344 implementation of AES is instantiated. The cipher handle for AES is
347 That means that the SKCIPHER implementation of CTR(AES) only
348 implements the CTR block chaining mode. After performing the block
349 chaining operation, the CIPHER implementation of AES is invoked.
351 4. The SKCIPHER of CTR(AES) now invokes the CIPHER API with the AES
352 cipher handle to encrypt one block.
354 5. The GCM AEAD implementation also invokes the GHASH cipher
355 implementation via the AHASH API.
357 When the IPSEC layer triggers the esp_input() function, the same call
358 sequence is followed with the only difference that the operation starts
361 Generic Block Cipher Structure
362 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
364 Generic block ciphers follow the same concept as depicted with the ASCII
367 For example, CBC(AES) is implemented with cbc.c, and aes-generic.c. The
368 ASCII art picture above applies as well with the difference that only
369 step (4) is used and the SKCIPHER block chaining mode is CBC.
371 Generic Keyed Message Digest Structure
372 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
374 Keyed message digest implementations again follow the same concept as
375 depicted in the ASCII art picture above.
377 For example, HMAC(SHA256) is implemented with hmac.c and
378 sha256_generic.c. The following ASCII art illustrates the
384 kernel crypto API | Caller
387 | | <------------------ some_function
400 The following call sequence is applicable when a caller triggers an HMAC
403 1. The AHASH API functions are invoked by the caller. The HMAC
404 implementation performs its operation as needed.
406 During initialization of the HMAC cipher, the SHASH cipher type of
407 SHA256 is instantiated. The cipher handle for the SHA256 instance is
410 At one time, the HMAC implementation requires a SHA256 operation
411 where the SHA256 cipher handle is used.
413 2. The HMAC instance now invokes the SHASH API with the SHA256 cipher
414 handle to calculate the message digest.