6 List Management Functions
7 =========================
9 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/list.h
12 Basic C Library Functions
13 =========================
15 When writing drivers, you cannot in general use routines which are from
16 the C Library. Some of the functions have been found generally useful
17 and they are listed below. The behaviour of these functions may vary
18 slightly from those defined by ANSI, and these deviations are noted in
24 .. kernel-doc:: lib/vsprintf.c
27 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kstrtox.h
28 :functions: kstrtol kstrtoul
30 .. kernel-doc:: lib/kstrtox.c
33 .. kernel-doc:: lib/string_helpers.c
39 .. kernel-doc:: lib/string.c
42 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/string.h
45 .. kernel-doc:: mm/util.c
46 :functions: kstrdup kstrdup_const kstrndup kmemdup kmemdup_nul memdup_user
47 vmemdup_user strndup_user memdup_user_nul
49 Basic Kernel Library Functions
50 ==============================
52 The Linux kernel provides more basic utility functions.
57 .. kernel-doc:: include/asm-generic/bitops/instrumented-atomic.h
60 .. kernel-doc:: include/asm-generic/bitops/instrumented-non-atomic.h
63 .. kernel-doc:: include/asm-generic/bitops/instrumented-lock.h
69 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
70 :doc: bitmap introduction
72 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
75 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
78 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
81 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
84 .. kernel-doc:: lib/bitmap.c
87 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bitmap.h
93 .. kernel-doc:: lib/cmdline.c
99 .. kernel-doc:: lib/sort.c
102 .. kernel-doc:: lib/list_sort.c
108 .. kernel-doc:: lib/textsearch.c
111 .. kernel-doc:: lib/textsearch.c
114 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/textsearch.h
115 :functions: textsearch_find textsearch_next \
116 textsearch_get_pattern textsearch_get_pattern_len
118 CRC and Math Functions in Linux
119 ===============================
124 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc4.c
127 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc7.c
130 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc8.c
133 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc16.c
136 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc32.c
138 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc-ccitt.c
141 .. kernel-doc:: lib/crc-itu-t.c
144 Base 2 log and power Functions
145 ------------------------------
147 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/log2.h
150 Integer power Functions
151 -----------------------
153 .. kernel-doc:: lib/math/int_pow.c
156 .. kernel-doc:: lib/math/int_sqrt.c
162 .. kernel-doc:: include/asm-generic/div64.h
165 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/math64.h
168 .. kernel-doc:: lib/math/div64.c
169 :functions: div_s64_rem div64_u64_rem div64_u64 div64_s64
171 .. kernel-doc:: lib/math/gcd.c
177 .. kernel-doc:: lib/uuid.c
180 Kernel IPC facilities
181 =====================
186 .. kernel-doc:: ipc/util.c
195 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/kfifo.h
198 relay interface support
199 =======================
201 Relay interface support is designed to provide an efficient mechanism
202 for tools and facilities to relay large amounts of data from kernel
208 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/relay.c
211 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/relay.c
220 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/kmod.c
226 Refer to the files in kernel/module/ for more information.
234 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/dma.c
240 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/resource.c
243 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/resource.c
249 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/mtrr.c
255 .. kernel-doc:: security/security.c
258 .. kernel-doc:: security/inode.c
264 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/audit.c
267 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/auditsc.c
270 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/auditfilter.c
276 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/acct.c
282 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/bio.h
283 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-core.c
286 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-core.c
289 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-map.c
292 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-sysfs.c
295 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-settings.c
298 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-flush.c
301 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-lib.c
304 .. kernel-doc:: block/blk-integrity.c
307 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/trace/blktrace.c
310 .. kernel-doc:: block/genhd.c
313 .. kernel-doc:: block/genhd.c
316 .. kernel-doc:: block/bdev.c
322 .. kernel-doc:: fs/char_dev.c
328 The clock framework defines programming interfaces to support software
329 management of the system clock tree. This framework is widely used with
330 System-On-Chip (SOC) platforms to support power management and various
331 devices which may need custom clock rates. Note that these "clocks"
332 don't relate to timekeeping or real time clocks (RTCs), each of which
333 have separate frameworks. These :c:type:`struct clk <clk>`
334 instances may be used to manage for example a 96 MHz signal that is used
335 to shift bits into and out of peripherals or busses, or otherwise
336 trigger synchronous state machine transitions in system hardware.
338 Power management is supported by explicit software clock gating: unused
339 clocks are disabled, so the system doesn't waste power changing the
340 state of transistors that aren't in active use. On some systems this may
341 be backed by hardware clock gating, where clocks are gated without being
342 disabled in software. Sections of chips that are powered but not clocked
343 may be able to retain their last state. This low power state is often
344 called a *retention mode*. This mode still incurs leakage currents,
345 especially with finer circuit geometries, but for CMOS circuits power is
346 mostly used by clocked state changes.
348 Power-aware drivers only enable their clocks when the device they manage
349 is in active use. Also, system sleep states often differ according to
350 which clock domains are active: while a "standby" state may allow wakeup
351 from several active domains, a "mem" (suspend-to-RAM) state may require
352 a more wholesale shutdown of clocks derived from higher speed PLLs and
353 oscillators, limiting the number of possible wakeup event sources. A
354 driver's suspend method may need to be aware of system-specific clock
355 constraints on the target sleep state.
357 Some platforms support programmable clock generators. These can be used
358 by external chips of various kinds, such as other CPUs, multimedia
359 codecs, and devices with strict requirements for interface clocking.
361 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/clk.h
364 Synchronization Primitives
365 ==========================
367 Read-Copy Update (RCU)
368 ----------------------
370 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcupdate.h
372 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/tree.c
374 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/tree_exp.h
376 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/update.c
378 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/srcu.h
380 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/srcutree.c
382 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist_bl.h
384 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist.h
386 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rculist_nulls.h
388 .. kernel-doc:: include/linux/rcu_sync.h
390 .. kernel-doc:: kernel/rcu/sync.c