1 Copyright 2010 Nicolas Palix <npalix@diku.dk>
2 Copyright 2010 Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
3 Copyright 2010 Gilles Muller <Gilles.Muller@lip6.fr>
9 The semantic patches included in the kernel use features and options
10 which are provided by Coccinelle version 1.0.0-rc11 and above.
11 Using earlier versions will fail as the option names used by
12 the Coccinelle files and coccicheck have been updated.
14 Coccinelle is available through the package manager
15 of many distributions, e.g. :
26 You can get the latest version released from the Coccinelle homepage at
27 http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/
29 Information and tips about Coccinelle are also provided on the wiki
30 pages at http://cocci.ekstranet.diku.dk/wiki/doku.php
32 Once you have it, run the following command:
37 as a regular user, and install it with
41 Supplemental documentation
42 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
44 For supplemental documentation refer to the wiki:
46 https://bottest.wiki.kernel.org/coccicheck
48 The wiki documentation always refers to the linux-next version of the script.
50 Using Coccinelle on the Linux kernel
51 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
53 A Coccinelle-specific target is defined in the top level
54 Makefile. This target is named 'coccicheck' and calls the 'coccicheck'
55 front-end in the 'scripts' directory.
57 Four basic modes are defined: patch, report, context, and org. The mode to
58 use is specified by setting the MODE variable with 'MODE=<mode>'.
60 'patch' proposes a fix, when possible.
62 'report' generates a list in the following format:
63 file:line:column-column: message
65 'context' highlights lines of interest and their context in a
66 diff-like style.Lines of interest are indicated with '-'.
68 'org' generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
70 Note that not all semantic patches implement all modes. For easy use
71 of Coccinelle, the default mode is "report".
73 Two other modes provide some common combinations of these modes.
75 'chain' tries the previous modes in the order above until one succeeds.
77 'rep+ctxt' runs successively the report mode and the context mode.
78 It should be used with the C option (described later)
79 which checks the code on a file basis.
82 To make a report for every semantic patch, run the following command:
84 make coccicheck MODE=report
86 To produce patches, run:
88 make coccicheck MODE=patch
91 The coccicheck target applies every semantic patch available in the
92 sub-directories of 'scripts/coccinelle' to the entire Linux kernel.
94 For each semantic patch, a commit message is proposed. It gives a
95 description of the problem being checked by the semantic patch, and
96 includes a reference to Coccinelle.
98 As any static code analyzer, Coccinelle produces false
99 positives. Thus, reports must be carefully checked, and patches
102 To enable verbose messages set the V= variable, for example:
104 make coccicheck MODE=report V=1
106 Coccinelle parallelization
107 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
109 By default, coccicheck tries to run as parallel as possible. To change
110 the parallelism, set the J= variable. For example, to run across 4 CPUs:
112 make coccicheck MODE=report J=4
114 As of Coccinelle 1.0.2 Coccinelle uses Ocaml parmap for parallelization,
115 if support for this is detected you will benefit from parmap parallelization.
117 When parmap is enabled coccicheck will enable dynamic load balancing by using
118 '--chunksize 1' argument, this ensures we keep feeding threads with work
119 one by one, so that we avoid the situation where most work gets done by only
120 a few threads. With dynamic load balancing, if a thread finishes early we keep
121 feeding it more work.
123 When parmap is enabled, if an error occurs in Coccinelle, this error
124 value is propagated back, the return value of the 'make coccicheck'
125 captures this return value.
127 Using Coccinelle with a single semantic patch
128 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
130 The optional make variable COCCI can be used to check a single
131 semantic patch. In that case, the variable must be initialized with
132 the name of the semantic patch to apply.
136 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=patch
138 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=report
141 Controlling Which Files are Processed by Coccinelle
142 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
143 By default the entire kernel source tree is checked.
145 To apply Coccinelle to a specific directory, M= can be used.
146 For example, to check drivers/net/wireless/ one may write:
148 make coccicheck M=drivers/net/wireless/
150 To apply Coccinelle on a file basis, instead of a directory basis, the
151 following command may be used:
153 make C=1 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
155 To check only newly edited code, use the value 2 for the C flag, i.e.
157 make C=2 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
159 In these modes, which works on a file basis, there is no information
160 about semantic patches displayed, and no commit message proposed.
162 This runs every semantic patch in scripts/coccinelle by default. The
163 COCCI variable may additionally be used to only apply a single
164 semantic patch as shown in the previous section.
166 The "report" mode is the default. You can select another one with the
167 MODE variable explained above.
169 Debugging Coccinelle SmPL patches
170 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
172 Using coccicheck is best as it provides in the spatch command line
173 include options matching the options used when we compile the kernel.
174 You can learn what these options are by using V=1, you could then
175 manually run Coccinelle with debug options added.
177 Alternatively you can debug running Coccinelle against SmPL patches
178 by asking for stderr to be redirected to stderr, by default stderr
179 is redirected to /dev/null, if you'd like to capture stderr you
180 can specify the DEBUG_FILE="file.txt" option to coccicheck. For
184 make coccicheck COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/free/kfree.cocci MODE=report DEBUG_FILE=cocci.err
187 You can use SPFLAGS to add debugging flags, for instance you may want to
188 add both --profile --show-trying to SPFLAGS when debugging. For instance
192 export COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
193 make coccicheck DEBUG_FILE="err.log" MODE=report SPFLAGS="--profile --show-trying" M=./drivers/mfd/arizona-irq.c
195 err.log will now have the profiling information, while stdout will
196 provide some progress information as Coccinelle moves forward with
199 DEBUG_FILE support is only supported when using coccinelle >= 1.2.
202 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
204 Coccinelle supports reading .cocciconfig for default Coccinelle options that
205 should be used every time spatch is spawned, the order of precedence for
206 variables for .cocciconfig is as follows:
208 o Your current user's home directory is processed first
209 o Your directory from which spatch is called is processed next
210 o The directory provided with the --dir option is processed last, if used
212 Since coccicheck runs through make, it naturally runs from the kernel
213 proper dir, as such the second rule above would be implied for picking up a
214 .cocciconfig when using 'make coccicheck'.
216 'make coccicheck' also supports using M= targets.If you do not supply
217 any M= target, it is assumed you want to target the entire kernel.
218 The kernel coccicheck script has:
220 if [ "$KBUILD_EXTMOD" = "" ] ; then
221 OPTIONS="--dir $srctree $COCCIINCLUDE"
223 OPTIONS="--dir $KBUILD_EXTMOD $COCCIINCLUDE"
226 KBUILD_EXTMOD is set when an explicit target with M= is used. For both cases
227 the spatch --dir argument is used, as such third rule applies when whether M=
228 is used or not, and when M= is used the target directory can have its own
229 .cocciconfig file. When M= is not passed as an argument to coccicheck the
230 target directory is the same as the directory from where spatch was called.
232 If not using the kernel's coccicheck target, keep the above precedence
233 order logic of .cocciconfig reading. If using the kernel's coccicheck target,
234 override any of the kernel's .coccicheck's settings using SPFLAGS.
236 We help Coccinelle when used against Linux with a set of sensible defaults
237 options for Linux with our own Linux .cocciconfig. This hints to coccinelle
238 git can be used for 'git grep' queries over coccigrep. A timeout of 200
239 seconds should suffice for now.
241 The options picked up by coccinelle when reading a .cocciconfig do not appear
242 as arguments to spatch processes running on your system, to confirm what
243 options will be used by Coccinelle run:
245 spatch --print-options-only
247 You can override with your own preferred index option by using SPFLAGS. Take
248 note that when there are conflicting options Coccinelle takes precedence for
249 the last options passed. Using .cocciconfig is possible to use idutils, however
250 given the order of precedence followed by Coccinelle, since the kernel now
251 carries its own .cocciconfig, you will need to use SPFLAGS to use idutils if
252 desired. See below section "Additional flags" for more details on how to use
258 Additional flags can be passed to spatch through the SPFLAGS
259 variable. This works as Coccinelle respects the last flags
260 given to it when options are in conflict.
262 make SPFLAGS=--use-glimpse coccicheck
264 Coccinelle supports idutils as well but requires coccinelle >= 1.0.6.
265 When no ID file is specified coccinelle assumes your ID database file
266 is in the file .id-utils.index on the top level of the kernel, coccinelle
267 carries a script scripts/idutils_index.sh which creates the database with
269 mkid -i C --output .id-utils.index
271 If you have another database filename you can also just symlink with this
274 make SPFLAGS=--use-idutils coccicheck
276 Alternatively you can specify the database filename explicitly, for
279 make SPFLAGS="--use-idutils /full-path/to/ID" coccicheck
281 See spatch --help to learn more about spatch options.
283 Note that the '--use-glimpse' and '--use-idutils' options
284 require external tools for indexing the code. None of them is
285 thus active by default. However, by indexing the code with
286 one of these tools, and according to the cocci file used,
287 spatch could proceed the entire code base more quickly.
289 SmPL patch specific options
290 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
292 SmPL patches can have their own requirements for options passed
293 to Coccinelle. SmPL patch specific options can be provided by
294 providing them at the top of the SmPL patch, for instance:
296 // Options: --no-includes --include-headers
298 SmPL patch Coccinelle requirements
299 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
301 As Coccinelle features get added some more advanced SmPL patches
302 may require newer versions of Coccinelle. If an SmPL patch requires
303 at least a version of Coccinelle, this can be specified as follows,
304 as an example if requiring at least Coccinelle >= 1.0.5:
308 Proposing new semantic patches
309 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
311 New semantic patches can be proposed and submitted by kernel
312 developers. For sake of clarity, they should be organized in the
313 sub-directories of 'scripts/coccinelle/'.
316 Detailed description of the 'report' mode
317 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
319 'report' generates a list in the following format:
320 file:line:column-column: message
326 make coccicheck MODE=report COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
328 will execute the following part of the SmPL script.
331 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
336 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
338 @script:python depends on report@
343 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
344 coccilib.report.print_report(p[0], msg)
347 This SmPL excerpt generates entries on the standard output, as
350 /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c:188:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
351 /home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c:619:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with auth
352 /home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c:227:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
355 Detailed description of the 'patch' mode
356 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
358 When the 'patch' mode is available, it proposes a fix for each problem
364 make coccicheck MODE=patch COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
366 will execute the following part of the SmPL script.
369 @ depends on !context && patch && !org && !report @
373 - ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
377 This SmPL excerpt generates patch hunks on the standard output, as
380 diff -u -p a/crypto/ctr.c b/crypto/ctr.c
381 --- a/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
382 +++ b/crypto/ctr.c 2010-06-03 23:44:49.000000000 +0200
383 @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
384 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
385 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
387 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
388 + return ERR_CAST(alg);
390 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
393 Detailed description of the 'context' mode
394 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
396 'context' highlights lines of interest and their context
397 in a diff-like style.
399 NOTE: The diff-like output generated is NOT an applicable patch. The
400 intent of the 'context' mode is to highlight the important lines
401 (annotated with minus, '-') and gives some surrounding context
402 lines around. This output can be used with the diff mode of
403 Emacs to review the code.
408 make coccicheck MODE=context COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
410 will execute the following part of the SmPL script.
413 @ depends on context && !patch && !org && !report@
417 * ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
420 This SmPL excerpt generates diff hunks on the standard output, as
423 diff -u -p /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c /tmp/nothing
424 --- /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
426 @@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
427 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
428 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
430 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
432 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
435 Detailed description of the 'org' mode
436 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
438 'org' generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
443 make coccicheck MODE=org COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
445 will execute the following part of the SmPL script.
448 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
453 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
455 @script:python depends on org@
460 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
461 msg_safe=msg.replace("[","@(").replace("]",")")
462 coccilib.org.print_todo(p[0], msg_safe)
465 This SmPL excerpt generates Org entries on the standard output, as
468 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=188::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]
469 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=619::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with auth]]
470 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=227::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]