6 btrfs-device - manage devices of btrfs filesystems
10 *btrfs device* <subcommand> <args>
14 The *btrfs device* command group is used to manage devices of the btrfs filesystems.
18 Btrfs filesystem can be created on top of single or multiple block devices.
19 Data and metadata are organized in allocation profiles with various redundancy
20 policies. There's some similarity with traditional RAID levels, but this could
21 be confusing to users familiar with the traditional meaning. Due to the
22 similarity, the RAID terminology is widely used in the documentation. See
23 `mkfs.btrfs`(9) for more details and the exact profile capabilities and
26 The device management works on a mounted filesystem. Devices can be added,
27 removed or replaced, by commands profided by *btrfs device* and *btrfs replace*.
29 The profiles can be also changed, provided there's enough workspace to do the
30 conversion, using the *btrfs balance* comand and namely the filter 'convert'.
33 A profile describes an allocation policy based on the redundancy/replication
34 constrants in connection with the number of devices. The profile applies to
35 data and metadata block groups separately.
38 Where applicable, the level refers to a profile that matches constraints of the
39 standard RAID levels. At the moment the supported ones are: RAID0, RAID1,
40 RAID10, RAID5 and RAID6.
42 See the section *TYPICAL USECASES* for some examples.
46 *add* [-Kf] <dev> [<dev>...] <path>::
47 Add device(s) to the filesystem identified by <path>.
49 If applicable, a whole device discard (TRIM) operation is performed prior to
50 adding the device. A device with existing filesystem detected by `blkid`(8)
51 will prevent device addition and has to be forced. Alternatively the filesystem
52 can be wiped from the device using eg. the `wipefs`(8) tool.
54 The operation is instant and does not affect existing data. The operation merely
55 adds the device to the filesystem structures and creates some block groups
61 do not perform discard (TRIM) by default
63 force overwrite of existing filesystem on the given disk(s)
65 *remove* <dev>|<devid> [<dev>|<devid>...] <path>::
66 Remove device(s) from a filesystem identified by <path>
68 Device removal must satisfy the profile constraints, otherwise the command
69 fails. The filesystem must be converted to profile(s) that would allow the
70 removal. This can typically happen when going down from 2 devices to 1 and
71 using the RAID1 profile. See the example section below.
73 The operation can take long as it needs to move all data from the device.
75 NOTE: It is not possible to delete the device that was used to mount the
76 filesystem. This is a limitation given by the VFS.
78 *delete* <dev>|<devid> [<dev>|<devid>...] <path>::
79 Alias of remove kept for backward compatibility
82 Wait until all devices of a multiple-device filesystem are scanned and registered
83 within the kernel module.
85 *scan* [(--all-devices|-d)|<device> [<device>...]]::
86 Scan devices for a btrfs filesystem and register them with the kernel module.
87 This allows mounting multiple-device filesystem by specifying just one from the
90 If no devices are passed, all block devices that blkid reports to contain btrfs
93 The options '--all-devices' or '-d' are deprecated and kept for backward compatibility.
94 If used, behavior is the same as if no devices are passed.
96 The command can be run repeatedly. Devices that have been already registered
97 remain as such. Reloading the kernel module will drop this information. There's
98 an alternative way of mounting multiple-device filesystem without the need for
99 prior scanning. See the mount option 'device'.
101 *stats* [-z] <path>|<device>::
102 Read and print the device IO error statistics for all devices of the given
103 filesystem identified by <path> or for a single <device>. See section *DEVICE
104 STATS* for more information.
109 Print the stats and reset the values to zero afterwards.
111 *usage* [options] <path> [<path>...]::
112 Show detailed information about internal allocations in devices.
117 raw numbers in bytes, without the 'B' suffix
118 -h|--human-readable::::
119 print human friendly numbers, base 1024, this is the default
121 print human friendly numbers, base 1000
123 select the 1024 base for the following options, according to the IEC standard
125 select the 1000 base for the following options, according to the SI standard
127 show sizes in KiB, or kB with --si
129 show sizes in MiB, or MB with --si
131 show sizes in GiB, or GB with --si
133 show sizes in TiB, or TB with --si
135 If conflicting options are passed, the last one takes precedence.
140 STARTING WITH A SINGLE-DEVICE FILESYSTEM
141 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
143 Assume we've created a filesystem on a block device '/dev/sda' with profile
144 'single/single' (data/metadata), the device size is 50GiB and we've used the
145 whole device for the filesystem. The mount point is '/mnt'.
147 The amount of data stored is 16GiB, metadata have allocated 2GiB.
149 ==== ADD NEW DEVICE ====
151 We want to increase the total size of the filesystem and keep the profiles. The
152 size of the new device '/dev/sdb' is 100GiB.
154 $ btrfs device add /dev/sdb /mnt
156 The amount of free data space increases by less than 100GiB, some space is
157 allocated for metadata.
159 ==== CONVERT TO RAID1 ====
161 Now we want to increase the redundancy level of both data and metadata, but
162 we'll do that in steps. Note, that the device sizes are not equal and we'll use
163 that to show the capabilities of split data/metadata and independent profiles.
165 The constraint for RAID1 gives us at most 50GiB of usable space and exactly 2
166 copies will be stored on the devices.
168 First we'll convert the metadata. As the metadata occupy less than 50GiB and
169 there's enough workspace for the conversion process, we can do:
171 $ btrfs balance start -mconvert=raid1 /mnt
173 This operation can take a while as the metadata have to be moved and all block
174 pointers updated. Depending on the physical locations of the old and new
175 blocks, the disk seeking is the key factor affecting performance.
177 You'll note that the system block group has been also converted to RAID1, this
178 normally happens as the system block group also holds metadata (the physical to
183 * available data space decreased by 3GiB, usable rougly (50 - 3) + (100 - 3) = 144 GiB
184 * metadata redundancy increased
186 IOW, the unequal device sizes allow for combined space for data yet improved
187 redundancy for metadata. If we decide to increase redundancy of data as well,
188 we're going to lose 50GiB of the second device for obvious reasons.
190 $ btrfs balance start -dconvert=raid1 /mnt
192 The balance process needs some workspace (ie. a free device space without any
193 data or metadata block groups) so the command could fail if there's too much
194 data or the block groups occupy the whole first device.
196 The device size of '/dev/sdb' as seen by the filesystem remains unchanged, but
197 the logical space from 50-100GiB will be unused.
202 The device stats keep persistent record of several error classes related to
203 doing IO. The current values are printed at mount time and updated during
204 filesystem lifetime or from a scrub run.
206 $ btrfs device stats /dev/sda3
207 [/dev/sda3].write_io_errs 0
208 [/dev/sda3].read_io_errs 0
209 [/dev/sda3].flush_io_errs 0
210 [/dev/sda3].corruption_errs 0
211 [/dev/sda3].generation_errs 0
214 Failed writes to the block devices, means that the layers beneath the
215 filesystem were not able to satisfy the write request.
217 Read request analogy to write_io_errs.
219 Number of failed writes with the 'FLUSH' flag set. The flushing is a method of
220 forcing a particular order between write requests and is crucial for
221 implementing crash consistency. In case of btrfs, all the metadata blocks must
222 be permanently stored on the block device before the superblock is written.
224 A block checksum mismatched or a corrupted metadata header was found.
226 The block generation does not match the expected value (eg. stored in the
231 *btrfs device* returns a zero exit status if it succeeds. Non zero is
232 returned in case of failure.
236 *btrfs* is part of btrfs-progs.
237 Please refer to the btrfs wiki http://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org for