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2 Kernel-provided User Helpers
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5 These are segment of kernel provided user code reachable from user space
6 at a fixed address in kernel memory. This is used to provide user space
7 with some operations which require kernel help because of unimplemented
8 native feature and/or instructions in many ARM CPUs. The idea is for this
9 code to be executed directly in user mode for best efficiency but which is
10 too intimate with the kernel counter part to be left to user libraries.
11 In fact this code might even differ from one CPU to another depending on
12 the available instruction set, or whether it is a SMP systems. In other
13 words, the kernel reserves the right to change this code as needed without
14 warning. Only the entry points and their results as documented here are
15 guaranteed to be stable.
17 This is different from (but doesn't preclude) a full blown VDSO
18 implementation, however a VDSO would prevent some assembly tricks with
19 constants that allows for efficient branching to those code segments. And
20 since those code segments only use a few cycles before returning to user
21 code, the overhead of a VDSO indirect far call would add a measurable
22 overhead to such minimalistic operations.
24 User space is expected to bypass those helpers and implement those things
25 inline (either in the code emitted directly by the compiler, or part of
26 the implementation of a library call) when optimizing for a recent enough
27 processor that has the necessary native support, but only if resulting
28 binaries are already to be incompatible with earlier ARM processors due to
29 usage of similar native instructions for other things. In other words
30 don't make binaries unable to run on earlier processors just for the sake
31 of not using these kernel helpers if your compiled code is not going to
32 use new instructions for other purpose.
34 New helpers may be added over time, so an older kernel may be missing some
35 helpers present in a newer kernel. For this reason, programs must check
36 the value of __kuser_helper_version (see below) before assuming that it is
37 safe to call any particular helper. This check should ideally be
38 performed only once at process startup time, and execution aborted early
39 if the required helpers are not provided by the kernel version that
40 process is running on.
47 Reference declaration::
49 extern int32_t __kuser_helper_version;
53 This field contains the number of helpers being implemented by the
54 running kernel. User space may read this to determine the availability
55 of a particular helper.
59 #define __kuser_helper_version (*(int32_t *)0xffff0ffc)
61 void check_kuser_version(void)
63 if (__kuser_helper_version < 2) {
64 fprintf(stderr, "can't do atomic operations, kernel too old\n");
71 User space may assume that the value of this field never changes
72 during the lifetime of any single process. This means that this
73 field can be read once during the initialisation of a library or
74 startup phase of a program.
83 void * __kuser_get_tls(void);
99 Get the TLS value as previously set via the __ARM_NR_set_tls syscall.
103 typedef void * (__kuser_get_tls_t)(void);
104 #define __kuser_get_tls (*(__kuser_get_tls_t *)0xffff0fe0)
108 void *tls = __kuser_get_tls();
109 printf("TLS = %p\n", tls);
114 - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 1 (from kernel version 2.6.12).
121 Reference prototype::
123 int __kuser_cmpxchg(int32_t oldval, int32_t newval, volatile int32_t *ptr);
134 r0 = success code (zero or non-zero)
135 C flag = set if r0 == 0, clear if r0 != 0
143 Atomically store newval in `*ptr` only if `*ptr` is equal to oldval.
144 Return zero if `*ptr` was changed or non-zero if no exchange happened.
145 The C flag is also set if `*ptr` was changed to allow for assembly
146 optimization in the calling code.
150 typedef int (__kuser_cmpxchg_t)(int oldval, int newval, volatile int *ptr);
151 #define __kuser_cmpxchg (*(__kuser_cmpxchg_t *)0xffff0fc0)
153 int atomic_add(volatile int *ptr, int val)
160 } while(__kuser_cmpxchg(old, new, ptr));
167 - This routine already includes memory barriers as needed.
169 - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 2 (from kernel version 2.6.12).
176 Reference prototype::
178 void __kuser_memory_barrier(void);
194 Apply any needed memory barrier to preserve consistency with data modified
195 manually and __kuser_cmpxchg usage.
199 typedef void (__kuser_dmb_t)(void);
200 #define __kuser_dmb (*(__kuser_dmb_t *)0xffff0fa0)
204 - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 3 (from kernel version 2.6.15).
211 Reference prototype::
213 int __kuser_cmpxchg64(const int64_t *oldval,
214 const int64_t *newval,
215 volatile int64_t *ptr);
219 r0 = pointer to oldval
220 r1 = pointer to newval
221 r2 = pointer to target value
226 r0 = success code (zero or non-zero)
227 C flag = set if r0 == 0, clear if r0 != 0
235 Atomically store the 64-bit value pointed by `*newval` in `*ptr` only if `*ptr`
236 is equal to the 64-bit value pointed by `*oldval`. Return zero if `*ptr` was
237 changed or non-zero if no exchange happened.
239 The C flag is also set if `*ptr` was changed to allow for assembly
240 optimization in the calling code.
244 typedef int (__kuser_cmpxchg64_t)(const int64_t *oldval,
245 const int64_t *newval,
246 volatile int64_t *ptr);
247 #define __kuser_cmpxchg64 (*(__kuser_cmpxchg64_t *)0xffff0f60)
249 int64_t atomic_add64(volatile int64_t *ptr, int64_t val)
256 } while(__kuser_cmpxchg64(&old, &new, ptr));
263 - This routine already includes memory barriers as needed.
265 - Due to the length of this sequence, this spans 2 conventional kuser
266 "slots", therefore 0xffff0f80 is not used as a valid entry point.
268 - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 5 (from kernel version 3.1).