1 Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks
2 ====================================
4 Documentation for sysrq.c
6 What is the magic SysRq key?
7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
9 It is a 'magical' key combo you can hit which the kernel will respond to
10 regardless of whatever else it is doing, unless it is completely locked up.
12 How do I enable the magic SysRq key?
13 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
15 You need to say "yes" to 'Magic SysRq key (CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ)' when
16 configuring the kernel. When running a kernel with SysRq compiled in,
17 /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq controls the functions allowed to be invoked via
18 the SysRq key. The default value in this file is set by the
19 CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE config symbol, which itself defaults
20 to 1. Here is the list of possible values in /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq:
22 - 0 - disable sysrq completely
23 - 1 - enable all functions of sysrq
24 - >1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions (see below for detailed function
27 2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level
28 4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
29 8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
30 16 = 0x10 - enable sync command
31 32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only
32 64 = 0x40 - enable signalling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
33 128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff
34 256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks
36 You can set the value in the file by the following command::
38 echo "number" >/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
40 The number may be written here either as decimal or as hexadecimal
41 with the 0x prefix. CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ_DEFAULT_ENABLE must always be
42 written in hexadecimal.
44 Note that the value of ``/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq`` influences only the invocation
45 via a keyboard. Invocation of any operation via ``/proc/sysrq-trigger`` is
46 always allowed (by a user with admin privileges).
48 How do I use the magic SysRq key?
49 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
52 You press the key combo :kbd:`ALT-SysRq-<command key>`.
56 keyboards may not have a key labeled 'SysRq'. The 'SysRq' key is
57 also known as the 'Print Screen' key. Also some keyboards cannot
58 handle so many keys being pressed at the same time, so you might
59 have better luck with press :kbd:`Alt`, press :kbd:`SysRq`,
60 release :kbd:`SysRq`, press :kbd:`<command key>`, release everything.
63 You press :kbd:`ALT-STOP-<command key>`, I believe.
65 On the serial console (PC style standard serial ports only)
66 You send a ``BREAK``, then within 5 seconds a command key. Sending
67 ``BREAK`` twice is interpreted as a normal BREAK.
70 Press :kbd:`ALT - Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>`.
71 :kbd:`Print Screen` (or :kbd:`F13`) - :kbd:`<command key>` may suffice.
74 If you know of the key combos for other architectures, please
75 submit a patch to be included in this section.
78 Write a character to /proc/sysrq-trigger. e.g.::
80 echo t > /proc/sysrq-trigger
82 The :kbd:`<command key>` is case sensitive.
84 What are the 'command' keys?
85 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
87 =========== ===================================================================
89 =========== ===================================================================
90 ``b`` Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting
93 ``c`` Will perform a system crash and a crashdump will be taken
96 ``d`` Shows all locks that are held.
98 ``e`` Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.
100 ``f`` Will call the oom killer to kill a memory hog process, but do not
101 panic if nothing can be killed.
103 ``g`` Used by kgdb (kernel debugger)
105 ``h`` Will display help (actually any other key than those listed
106 here will display help. but ``h`` is easy to remember :-)
108 ``i`` Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.
110 ``j`` Forcibly "Just thaw it" - filesystems frozen by the FIFREEZE ioctl.
112 ``k`` Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual
113 console. NOTE: See important comments below in SAK section.
115 ``l`` Shows a stack backtrace for all active CPUs.
117 ``m`` Will dump current memory info to your console.
119 ``n`` Used to make RT tasks nice-able
121 ``o`` Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
123 ``p`` Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
125 ``q`` Will dump per CPU lists of all armed hrtimers (but NOT regular
126 timer_list timers) and detailed information about all
129 ``r`` Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
131 ``s`` Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
133 ``t`` Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your
136 ``u`` Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
138 ``v`` Forcefully restores framebuffer console
139 ``v`` Causes ETM buffer dump [ARM-specific]
141 ``w`` Dumps tasks that are in uninterruptable (blocked) state.
143 ``x`` Used by xmon interface on ppc/powerpc platforms.
144 Show global PMU Registers on sparc64.
145 Dump all TLB entries on MIPS.
147 ``y`` Show global CPU Registers [SPARC-64 specific]
149 ``z`` Dump the ftrace buffer
151 ``0``-``9`` Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
152 will be printed to your console. (``0``, for example would make
153 it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
154 make it to your console.)
155 =========== ===================================================================
157 Okay, so what can I use them for?
158 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
160 Well, unraw(r) is very handy when your X server or a svgalib program crashes.
162 sak(k) (Secure Access Key) is useful when you want to be sure there is no
163 trojan program running at console which could grab your password
164 when you would try to login. It will kill all programs on given console,
165 thus letting you make sure that the login prompt you see is actually
166 the one from init, not some trojan program.
170 In its true form it is not a true SAK like the one in a
171 c2 compliant system, and it should not be mistaken as
174 It seems others find it useful as (System Attention Key) which is
175 useful when you want to exit a program that will not let you switch consoles.
176 (For example, X or a svgalib program.)
178 ``reboot(b)`` is good when you're unable to shut down, it is an equivalent
179 of pressing the "reset" button.
181 ``crash(c)`` can be used to manually trigger a crashdump when the system is hung.
182 Note that this just triggers a crash if there is no dump mechanism available.
184 ``sync(s)`` is handy before yanking removable medium or after using a rescue
185 shell that provides no graceful shutdown -- it will ensure your data is
186 safely written to the disk. Note that the sync hasn't taken place until you see
187 the "OK" and "Done" appear on the screen.
189 ``umount(u)`` can be used to mark filesystems as properly unmounted. From the
190 running system's point of view, they will be remounted read-only. The remount
191 isn't complete until you see the "OK" and "Done" message appear on the screen.
193 The loglevels ``0``-``9`` are useful when your console is being flooded with
194 kernel messages you do not want to see. Selecting ``0`` will prevent all but
195 the most urgent kernel messages from reaching your console. (They will
196 still be logged if syslogd/klogd are alive, though.)
198 ``term(e)`` and ``kill(i)`` are useful if you have some sort of runaway process
199 you are unable to kill any other way, especially if it's spawning other
202 "just thaw ``it(j)``" is useful if your system becomes unresponsive due to a
203 frozen (probably root) filesystem via the FIFREEZE ioctl.
205 Sometimes SysRq seems to get 'stuck' after using it, what can I do?
206 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
208 When this happens, try tapping shift, alt and control on both sides of the
209 keyboard, and hitting an invalid sysrq sequence again. (i.e., something like
212 Switching to another virtual console (:kbd:`ALT+Fn`) and then back again
215 I hit SysRq, but nothing seems to happen, what's wrong?
216 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
218 There are some keyboards that produce a different keycode for SysRq than the
219 pre-defined value of 99
220 (see ``KEY_SYSRQ`` in ``include/uapi/linux/input-event-codes.h``), or
221 which don't have a SysRq key at all. In these cases, run ``showkey -s`` to find
222 an appropriate scancode sequence, and use ``setkeycodes <sequence> 99`` to map
223 this sequence to the usual SysRq code (e.g., ``setkeycodes e05b 99``). It's
224 probably best to put this command in a boot script. Oh, and by the way, you
225 exit ``showkey`` by not typing anything for ten seconds.
227 I want to add SysRQ key events to a module, how does it work?
228 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
230 In order to register a basic function with the table, you must first include
231 the header ``include/linux/sysrq.h``, this will define everything else you need.
232 Next, you must create a ``sysrq_key_op`` struct, and populate it with A) the key
233 handler function you will use, B) a help_msg string, that will print when SysRQ
234 prints help, and C) an action_msg string, that will print right before your
235 handler is called. Your handler must conform to the prototype in 'sysrq.h'.
237 After the ``sysrq_key_op`` is created, you can call the kernel function
238 ``register_sysrq_key(int key, const struct sysrq_key_op *op_p);`` this will
239 register the operation pointed to by ``op_p`` at table key 'key',
240 if that slot in the table is blank. At module unload time, you must call
241 the function ``unregister_sysrq_key(int key, const struct sysrq_key_op *op_p)``,
242 which will remove the key op pointed to by 'op_p' from the key 'key', if and
243 only if it is currently registered in that slot. This is in case the slot has
244 been overwritten since you registered it.
246 The Magic SysRQ system works by registering key operations against a key op
247 lookup table, which is defined in 'drivers/tty/sysrq.c'. This key table has
248 a number of operations registered into it at compile time, but is mutable,
249 and 2 functions are exported for interface to it::
251 register_sysrq_key and unregister_sysrq_key.
253 Of course, never ever leave an invalid pointer in the table. I.e., when
254 your module that called register_sysrq_key() exits, it must call
255 unregister_sysrq_key() to clean up the sysrq key table entry that it used.
256 Null pointers in the table are always safe. :)
258 If for some reason you feel the need to call the handle_sysrq function from
259 within a function called by handle_sysrq, you must be aware that you are in
260 a lock (you are also in an interrupt handler, which means don't sleep!), so
261 you must call ``__handle_sysrq_nolock`` instead.
263 When I hit a SysRq key combination only the header appears on the console?
264 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
266 Sysrq output is subject to the same console loglevel control as all
267 other console output. This means that if the kernel was booted 'quiet'
268 as is common on distro kernels the output may not appear on the actual
269 console, even though it will appear in the dmesg buffer, and be accessible
270 via the dmesg command and to the consumers of ``/proc/kmsg``. As a specific
271 exception the header line from the sysrq command is passed to all console
272 consumers as if the current loglevel was maximum. If only the header
273 is emitted it is almost certain that the kernel loglevel is too low.
274 Should you require the output on the console channel then you will need
275 to temporarily up the console loglevel using :kbd:`alt-sysrq-8` or::
277 echo 8 > /proc/sysrq-trigger
279 Remember to return the loglevel to normal after triggering the sysrq
280 command you are interested in.
282 I have more questions, who can I ask?
283 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
285 Just ask them on the linux-kernel mailing list:
286 linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
291 - Written by Mydraal <vulpyne@vulpyne.net>
292 - Updated by Adam Sulmicki <adam@cfar.umd.edu>
293 - Updated by Jeremy M. Dolan <jmd@turbogeek.org> 2001/01/28 10:15:59
294 - Added to by Crutcher Dunnavant <crutcher+kernel@datastacks.com>