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11 <H1><a name="Chicken"></a>19 SWIG and Chicken</H1>
13 <div class="sectiontoc">
15 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn2">Preliminaries</a>
17 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn3">Running SWIG in C mode</a>
18 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn4">Running SWIG in C++ mode</a>
20 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn5">Code Generation</a>
22 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn6">Naming Conventions</a>
23 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn7">Modules</a>
24 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn8">Constants and Variables</a>
25 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn9">Functions</a>
26 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn10">Exceptions</a>
28 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn11">TinyCLOS</a>
29 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn12">Linkage</a>
31 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn13">Static binary or shared library linked at compile time</a>
32 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn14">Building chicken extension libraries</a>
33 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn15">Linking multiple SWIG modules with TinyCLOS</a>
35 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn16">Typemaps</a>
36 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn17">Pointers</a>
38 <li><a href="#collection">Garbage collection</a>
40 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn18">Unsupported features and known problems</a>
42 <li><a href="#Chicken_nn19">TinyCLOS problems with Chicken version <= 1.92</a>
51 This chapter describes SWIG's support of CHICKEN. CHICKEN is a
52 Scheme-to-C compiler supporting most of the language features as
53 defined in the <i>Revised^5 Report on Scheme</i>. Its main
54 attributes are that it
58 <li>generates portable C code</li>
59 <li>includes a customizable interpreter</li>
60 <li>links to C libraries with a simple Foreign Function Interface</li>
61 <li>supports full tail-recursion and first-class continuations</li>
65 When confronted with a large C library, CHICKEN users can use
66 SWIG to generate CHICKEN wrappers for the C library. However,
67 the real advantages of using SWIG with CHICKEN are its
68 <strong>support for C++</strong> -- object-oriented code is
69 difficult to wrap by hand in CHICKEN -- and its <strong>typed
70 pointer representation</strong>, essential for C and C++
71 libraries involving structures or classes.
75 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn2"></a>19.1 Preliminaries</H2>
79 CHICKEN support was introduced to SWIG in version 1.3.18. SWIG
80 relies on some recent additions to CHICKEN, which are only
81 present in releases of CHICKEN with version number
82 <strong>greater than or equal to 1.89</strong>.
83 To use a chicken version between 1.40 and 1.89, see the <a href="#collection">Garbage collection</a>
88 You may want to look at any of the examples in Examples/chicken/
89 or Examples/GIFPlot/Chicken for the basic steps to run SWIG
93 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn3"></a>19.1.1 Running SWIG in C mode</H3>
97 To run SWIG CHICKEN in C mode, use
102 <pre>% swig -chicken example.i</pre>
106 To allow the wrapper to take advantage of future CHICKEN code
107 generation improvements, part of the wrapper is direct CHICKEN
108 function calls (<tt>example_wrap.c</tt>) and part is CHICKEN
109 Scheme (<tt>example.scm</tt>). The basic Scheme code must
110 be compiled to C using your system's CHICKEN compiler or
111 both files can be compiled directly using the much simpler <tt>csc</tt>.
116 % chicken example.scm -output-file oexample.c
121 So for the C mode of SWIG CHICKEN, <tt>example_wrap.c</tt> and
122 <tt>oexample.c</tt> are the files that must be compiled to
123 object files and linked into your project.
126 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn4"></a>19.1.2 Running SWIG in C++ mode</H3>
130 To run SWIG CHICKEN in C++ mode, use
131 the -chicken -c++ option.
135 <pre>% swig -chicken -c++ example.i</pre>
139 This will generate <tt>example_wrap.cxx</tt> and
140 <tt>example.scm</tt>. The basic Scheme code must be
141 compiled to C using your system's CHICKEN compiler or
142 both files can be compiled directly using the much simpler <tt>csc</tt>.
146 <pre>% chicken example.scm -output-file oexample.c</pre>
150 So for the C++ mode of SWIG CHICKEN, <tt>example_wrap.cxx</tt>
151 and <tt>oexample.c</tt> are the files that must be compiled to
152 object files and linked into your project.
155 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn5"></a>19.2 Code Generation</H2>
158 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn6"></a>19.2.1 Naming Conventions</H3>
162 Given a C variable, function or constant declaration named
163 <tt>Foo_Bar</tt>, the declaration will be available
164 in CHICKEN as an identifier ending with
165 <tt>Foo-Bar</tt>. That is, an underscore is converted
170 You may control what the CHICKEN identifier will be by using the
171 <tt>%rename</tt> SWIG directive in the SWIG interface file.
174 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn7"></a>19.2.2 Modules</H3>
178 The name of the module must be declared one of two ways:
180 <li>Placing <tt>%module example</tt> in the SWIG interface
182 <li>Using <tt>-module example</tt> on the SWIG command
187 The generated example.scm file then exports <code>(declare (unit modulename))</code>.
188 If you do not want SWIG to export the <code>(declare (unit modulename))</code>, pass
189 the -nounit option to SWIG.
192 CHICKEN will be able to access the module using the <code>(declare
193 (uses <i>modulename</i>))</code> CHICKEN Scheme form.
196 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn8"></a>19.2.3 Constants and Variables</H3>
200 Constants may be created using any of the four constructs in
204 <li><code>#define MYCONSTANT1 ...</code></li>
205 <li><code>%constant int MYCONSTANT2 = ...</code></li>
206 <li><code>const int MYCONSTANT3 = ...</code></li>
207 <li><code>enum { MYCONSTANT4 = ... };</code></li>
211 In all cases, the constants may be accessed from within CHICKEN
212 using the form <tt>(MYCONSTANT1)</tt>; that is, the constants
213 may be accessed using the read-only parameter form.
217 Variables are accessed using the full parameter form.
218 For example, to set the C variable "int my_variable;", use the
219 Scheme form <tt>(my-variable 2345)</tt>. To get the C variable,
220 use <tt>(my-variable)</tt>.
224 The <tt>%feature("constasvar")</tt> can be applied to any constant
225 or immutable variable. Instead of exporting the constant as
226 a function that must be called, the constant will appear as a
227 scheme variable. This causes the generated .scm file to just contain the code
228 <tt>(set! MYCONSTANT1 (MYCONSTANT1))</tt>. See
229 <a href="Customization.html#features">Features and the %feature directive</a>
230 for info on how to apply the %feature.
233 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn9"></a>19.2.4 Functions</H3>
237 C functions declared in the SWIG interface file will have
238 corresponding CHICKEN Scheme procedures. For example, the C
239 function "int sqrt(double x);" will be available using the
240 Scheme form <tt>(sqrt 2345.0)</tt>. A <code>void</code> return
241 value will give C_SCHEME_UNDEFINED as a result.
244 A function may return more than one value by using the
245 <code>OUTPUT</code> specifier (see Lib/chicken/typemaps.i).
246 They will be returned as multiple values using <code>(values)</code> if there is more than one
247 result (that is, a non-void return value and at least one argout
248 parameter, or a void return value and at least two argout
249 parameters). The return values can then be accessed with <code>(call-with-values)</code>.
252 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn10"></a>19.2.5 Exceptions</H3>
255 <p>The SWIG chicken module has support for exceptions thrown from
256 C or C++ code to be caught in scheme.
257 See <a href="Customization.html#exception">Exception handling with %exception</a>
258 for more information about declaring exceptions in the interface file.
261 <p>Chicken supports both the <code>SWIG_exception(int code, const char *msg)</code> interface
262 as well as a <code>SWIG_ThrowException(C_word val)</code> function for throwing exceptions from
263 inside the %exception blocks. <code>SWIG_exception</code> will throw a list consisting of the code
264 (as an integer) and the message. Both of these will throw an exception using <code>(abort)</code>,
265 which can be handled by <code>(handle-exceptions)</code>. See
266 <a href="http://www.call-with-current-continuation.org/manual/Exceptions.html#Exceptions">Chicken manual on Exceptions</a>
267 and <a href="http://srfi.schemers.org/srfi-12/srfi-12.html">SFRI-12</a>. Since the exception values are thrown
268 directly, if <code>(condition-case)</code> is used to catch an exception the exception will come through in the <code>val ()</code> case.
271 <p>The following simple module</p>
273 <div class="code"><pre>
274 %module exception_test
277 void test_throw(int i) throws (int) {
278 if (i == 1) throw 15;
283 <p>could be run with</p>
285 <div class="targetlang"><pre>
286 (handle-exceptions exvar
289 (print "Threw something else " exvar))
294 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn11"></a>19.3 TinyCLOS</H2>
298 The author of TinyCLOS, Gregor Kiczales, describes TinyCLOS as:
299 "Tiny CLOS is a Scheme implementation of a `kernelized' CLOS, with a
300 metaobject protocol. The implementation is even simpler than
301 the simple CLOS found in `The Art of the Metaobject Protocol,'
302 weighing in at around 850 lines of code, including (some)
303 comments and documentation."
307 Almost all good Scheme books describe how to use metaobjects and
308 generic procedures to implement an object-oriented Scheme
309 system. Please consult a Scheme book if you are unfamiliar
315 CHICKEN has a modified version of TinyCLOS, which SWIG CHICKEN
316 uses if the -proxy argument is given. If -proxy is passed, then
317 the generated example.scm file will contain TinyCLOS class definitions.
318 A class named Foo is declared as <Foo>, and each member variable
319 is allocated a slot. Member functions are exported as generic functions.
323 Primitive symbols and functions (the interface that would be presented if
324 -proxy was not passed) are hidden and no longer accessible. If the -unhideprimitive
325 command line argument is passed to SWIG, then the primitive symbols will be
326 available, but each will be prefixed by the string "primitive:"
330 The exported symbol names can be controlled with the -closprefix and -useclassprefix arguments.
331 If -useclassprefix is passed to SWIG, every member function will be generated with the class name
332 as a prefix. If the -closprefix mymod: argument is passed to SWIG, then the exported functions will
333 be prefixed by the string "mymod:". If -useclassprefix is passed, -closprefix is ignored.
337 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn12"></a>19.4 Linkage</H2>
341 Please refer to <em>CHICKEN - A practical and portable Scheme
342 system - User's manual</em> for detailed help on how to link
343 object files to create a CHICKEN Scheme program. Briefly, to
344 link object files, be sure to add <tt>`chicken-config
345 -extra-libs -libs`</tt> or <tt>`chicken-config -shared
346 -extra-libs -libs`</tt>to your linker options. Use the
347 <tt>-shared</tt> option if you want to create a dynamically
348 loadable module. You might also want to use the much simpler
349 <tt>csc</tt> or <tt>csc.bat</tt>.
352 <p>Each scheme file that is generated
353 by SWIG contains <code>(declare (uses <i>modname</i>))</code>. This means that to load the
354 module from scheme code, the code must include <code>(declare (uses <i>modname</i>))</code>.
358 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn13"></a>19.4.1 Static binary or shared library linked at compile time</H3>
361 <p>We can easily use csc to build a static binary.</p>
365 $ swig -chicken example.i
366 $ csc -v example.scm example_impl.c example_wrap.c test_script.scm -o example
371 <p>Similar to the above, any number of <tt>module.scm</tt> files could be compiled
372 into a shared library, and then that shared library linked when compiling the
373 main application.</p>
377 $ swig -chicken example.i
378 $ csc -sv example.scm example_wrap.c example_impl.c -o example.so
382 <p>The <tt>example.so</tt> file can then linked with <tt>test_script.scm</tt> when it
383 is compiled, in which case <tt>test_script.scm</tt> must have <code>(declare (uses example))</code>.
384 Multiple SWIG modules could have been linked into <tt>example.so</tt> and each
385 one accessed with a <code>(declare (uses ... ))</code>.
390 $ csc -v test_script.scm -lexample
394 <p>An alternative is that the test_script.scm can have the code <code>(load-library 'example "example.so")</code>,
395 in which case the test script does not need to be linked with example.so. The test_script.scm file can then
396 be run with <tt>csi</tt>.
399 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn14"></a>19.4.2 Building chicken extension libraries</H3>
402 <p>Building a shared library like in the above section only works if the library
403 is linked at compile time with a script containing <code>(declare (uses ...))</code> or is
404 loaded explicitly with <code>(load-library 'example "example.so")</code>. It is
405 not the format that CHICKEN expects for extension libraries and eggs. The problem is the
406 <code>(declare (unit <i>modname</i>))</code> inside the <tt>modname.scm</tt> file. There are
407 two possible solutions to this.</p>
409 <p>First, SWIG accepts a <tt>-nounit</tt> argument, in which case the <code>(declare (unit <i>modname</i>))</code>
410 is not generated. Then, the <tt>modname.scm</tt> and <tt>modname_wrap.c</tt> files <b>must</b> be compiled into
411 their own shared library.</p>
415 $ csc -sv modname.scm modname_wrap.c modname_impl.c -o modname.so
419 <p>This library can then be loaded by scheme code with the <code>(require 'modname)</code> function.
420 See <a href="http://www.call-with-current-continuation.org/manual/Loading-extension-libraries.html">
421 Loading-extension-libraries</a> in the eval unit inside the CHICKEN manual for more information.</p>
423 <p>Another alternative is to run SWIG normally and create a scheme file that contains <code>(declare (uses <i>modname</i>))</code>
424 and then compile that file into the shared library as well. For example, inside the <tt>mod_load.scm</tt> file,</p>
426 <div class="targetlang">
428 (declare (uses mod1))
429 (declare (uses mod2))
433 <p>Which would then be compiled with</p>
437 $ swig -chicken mod1.i
438 $ swig -chicken mod2.i
439 $ csc -sv mod_load.scm mod1.scm mod2.scm mod1_wrap.c mod2_wrap.c mod1_impl.c mod2_impl.c -o mod.so
443 <p>Then the extension library can be loaded with <code>(require 'mod)</code>. As we can see here,
444 <tt>mod_load.scm</tt> contains the code that gets executed when the module is loaded. All this code
445 does is load both mod1 and mod2. As we can see, this technique is more useful when you want to
446 combine a few SWIG modules into one chicken extension library, especially if modules are related by
447 <code>%import</code></p>
449 <p>In either method, the files that are compiled into the shared library could also be
450 packaged into an egg. The <tt>mod1_wrap.c</tt> and <tt>mod2_wrap.c</tt> files that are created by SWIG
451 are stand alone and do not need SWIG to be installed to be compiled. Thus the egg could be
452 distributed and used by anyone, even if SWIG is not installed.</p>
454 <p>See the <tt>Examples/chicken/egg</tt> directory in the SWIG source for an example that builds
455 two eggs, one using the first method and one using the second method.</p>
457 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn15"></a>19.4.3 Linking multiple SWIG modules with TinyCLOS</H3>
460 <p>Linking together multiple modules that share type information using the <code>%import</code>
461 directive while also using <tt>-proxy</tt> is more complicated. For example, if <tt>mod2.i</tt> imports <tt>mod1.i</tt>, then the
462 <tt>mod2.scm</tt> file contains references to symbols declared in <tt>mod1.scm</tt>,
463 and thus a <code>(declare (uses <i>mod1</i>))</code> or <code>(require '<i>mod1</i>)</code> must be exported
464 to the top of <tt>mod2.scm</tt>. By default, when SWIG encounters an <code>%import "modname.i"</code> directive,
465 it exports <code>(declare (uses <i>modname</i>))</code> into the scm file. This works fine unless mod1 was compiled with
466 the <tt>-nounit</tt> argument or was compiled into an extension library with other modules under a different name.</p>
468 <p>One option is to override the automatic generation of <code>(declare (uses mod1))</code>
469 by passing the <tt>-noclosuses</tt> option to SWIG when compiling <tt>mod2.i</tt>.
470 SWIG then provides the <code>%insert(closprefix) %{ %}</code> directive. Any scheme code inside that directive is inserted into the
471 generated .scm file, and if <tt>mod1</tt> was compiled with <tt>-nounit</tt>, the directive should contain <code>(require 'mod1)</code>.
472 This option allows for mixed loading as well, where some modules are imported with <code>(declare (uses <i>modname</i>))</code>
473 (which means they were compiled without -nounit) and some are imported with <code>(require 'modname)</code>.</p>
475 <p>The other option is to use the second idea in the above section. Compile all the modules normally, without any
476 <code>%insert(closprefix)</code>, <tt>-nounit</tt>, or <tt>-noclosuses</tt>. Then the modules will import each other correctly
477 with <code>(declare (uses ...))</code>.
478 To create an extension library or an egg, just create a <tt>module_load.scm</tt> file that <code>(declare (uses ...))</code>
481 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn16"></a>19.5 Typemaps</H2>
485 The Chicken module handles all types via typemaps. This information is
486 read from <code>Lib/chicken/typemaps.i</code> and
487 <code>Lib/chicken/chicken.swg</code>.
490 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn17"></a>19.6 Pointers</H2>
494 For pointer types, SWIG uses CHICKEN tagged pointers.
496 A tagged pointer is an ordinary CHICKEN pointer with an
497 extra slot for a void *. With SWIG
498 CHICKEN, this void * is a pointer to a type-info
499 structure. So each pointer used as input or output from
500 the SWIG-generated CHICKEN wrappers will have type
501 information attached to it. This will let the wrappers
502 correctly determine which method should be called
503 according to the object type hierarchy exposed in the SWIG
507 To construct a Scheme object from a C pointer, the wrapper code
509 <code>SWIG_NewPointerObj(void *ptr, swig_type_info *type, int owner)</code>,
510 The function that calls <code>SWIG_NewPointerObj</code> must have a variable declared
511 <code>C_word *known_space = C_alloc(C_SIZEOF_SWIG_POINTER);</code>
512 It is ok to call <code>SWIG_NewPointerObj</code> more than once,
513 just make sure known_space has enough space for all the created pointers.
516 To get the pointer represented by a CHICKEN tagged pointer, the
517 wrapper code calls the function
518 <code>SWIG_ConvertPtr(C_word s, void **result, swig_type_info *type, int flags)</code>,
519 passing a pointer to a struct representing the expected pointer
520 type. flags is either zero or SWIG_POINTER_DISOWN (see below).
523 <H3><a name="collection"></a>19.6.1 Garbage collection</H3>
526 <p>If the owner flag passed to <code>SWIG_NewPointerObj</code> is 1, <code>NewPointerObj</code> will add a
527 finalizer to the type which will call the destructor or delete method of
528 that type. The destructor and delete functions are no longer exported for
529 use in scheme code, instead SWIG and chicken manage pointers.
530 In situations where SWIG knows that a function is returning a type that should
531 be garbage collected, SWIG will automatically set the owner flag to 1. For other functions,
532 the <code>%newobject</code> directive must be specified for functions whose return values
533 should be garbage collected. See
534 <a href="Customization.html#ownership">Object ownership and %newobject</a> for more information.
537 <p>In situations where a C or C++ function will assume ownership of a pointer, and thus
538 chicken should no longer garbage collect it, SWIG provides the <code>DISOWN</code> input typemap.
539 After applying this typemap (see the <a href="Typemaps.html">Typemaps chapter</a> for more information on how to apply typemaps),
540 any pointer that gets passed in will no longer be garbage collected.
541 An object is disowned by passing the <code>SWIG_POINTER_DISOWN</code> flag to <code>SWIG_ConvertPtr</code>.
542 <b>Warning:</b> Since the lifetime of the object is now controlled by the underlying code, the object might
543 get deleted while the scheme code still holds a pointer to it. Further use of this pointer
547 <p>Adding a finalizer function from C code was added to chicken in the 1.89 release, so garbage collection
548 does not work for chicken versions below 1.89. If you would like the SWIG generated code to work with
549 chicken 1.40 to 1.89, pass the <code>-nocollection</code> argument to SWIG. This will not export code
550 inside the _wrap.c file to register finalizers, and will then export destructor functions which
551 must be called manually.
554 <H2><a name="Chicken_nn18"></a>19.7 Unsupported features and known problems</H2>
558 <li>No director support.</li>
559 <li>No support for c++ standard types like std::vector.</li>
560 <li>The TinyCLOS wrappers for overloaded functions will not work correctly when using
561 <a href="SWIGPlus.html#SWIGPlus_default_args">%feature(compactdefaultargs)</a>.</li>
564 <H3><a name="Chicken_nn19"></a>19.7.1 TinyCLOS problems with Chicken version <= 1.92</H3>
567 <p>In Chicken versions equal to or below 1.92, TinyCLOS has a limitation such that generic methods do not properly work on methods
568 with different number of specializers: TinyCLOS assumes that every method added to a generic function
569 will have the same number of specializers. SWIG generates functions with different lengths of specializers
570 when C/C++ functions are overloaded. For example, the code</p>
575 int foo(int a, Foo *b);
579 <p>will produce scheme code</p>
581 <div class="targetlang">
583 (define-method (foo (arg0 <top>) (arg1 <Foo>)) (<i>call primitive function</i>))
584 (define-method (foo (arg0 <top>)) (<i>call primitive function</i>))
587 <p>Using unpatched TinyCLOS, the second <code>(define-method)</code> will replace the first one,
588 so calling <code>(foo 3 f)</code> will produce an error.</p>
590 <p>There are three solutions to this. The easist is to upgrade to the latest Chicken version. Otherwise, the
591 file <tt>Lib/chicken/tinyclos-multi-generic.patch</tt> in the SWIG source contains a patch against
592 tinyclos.scm inside the 1.92 chicken source to add support into TinyCLOS for multi-argument generics. (This patch was accepted into Chicken)
593 This requires chicken to be rebuilt and custom install of chicken. An alternative is the <tt>Lib/chicken/multi-generic.scm</tt>
594 file in the SWIG source. This file can be loaded after TinyCLOS is loaded, and it will override some functions
595 inside TinyCLOS to correctly support multi-argument generics. Please see the comments at the top of both files for more information.</p>